Akkadian (
lišanum akkaditum, ?????? ak.ka.dû) (also
Accadian,
Assyro-Babylonian[1]) is an extinct
Semitic language (part of the greater
Afroasiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient
Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the
cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient
Sumerian, an unrelated
language isolate. The name of the language is derived from the city of
Akkad, a major center of Mesopotamian civilization.
Akkadian was first attested in Sumerian texts in proper names from around 2800 BCE.[2] And from the second half of the third millennium BCE, texts fully written in Akkadian begin to appear. Hundreds of thousands of texts and text fragments have been excavated up to date; covering a vast textual tradition of mythological narrative, legal texts, scientific works, correspondences and many other aspects. By the second millennium BCE, two variant forms of the language were in use in Assyria and Babylonia (known as Assyrian and Babylonian respectively).
Akkadian had been for centuries the lingua franca in the Ancient Near East. However, it began to decline around the 8th century BCE being marginalized by Aramaic. By the Hellenistic period, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples. The last Akkadian cuneiform document dates to the first century CE.[3]
Akkadian belongs with the other Semitic languages in the Afro-Asiatic family of languages, a family native to Western Asia and Northern Africa.
