Search Results - Antibodies
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Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins[1], abbreviated Ig) are gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. They are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains—to form, for example, monomers with one unit, dimers with two units or pentamers with five units. Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell called a plasma cell. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. [2]Although the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different target, known as an antigen.[3] This huge diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide diversity of antigens. The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called an epitope. These epitopes bind with their antibody in a highly specific interaction, called induced fit, that allows antibodies to identify and bind only their unique antigen in the midst of the millions of different molecules that make up an organism. Recognition of an antigen by an antibody tags it for attack by other parts of the immune system. Antibodies can also neutralize targets directly by, for example, binding to a part of a pathogen that it needs to cause an infection.[4] The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity.[2][5] Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system. Production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[6] Surface immunoglobulin (Ig) is attached to the membrane of the effector B cells by its transmembrane region, while antibodies are the secreted form of Ig and lack the trans membrane region so that antibodies can be secreted into the bloodstream and body cavities. As a result, surface Ig and antibodies are identical except for the transmembrane regions. Therefore, they are considered two forms of antibodies soluble form or membrane-bound form (Parham 21-22).
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Showing 1 to 25 of 167 Articles matching 'Antibodies' in related articles. |
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1. Immunotherapy -A New Way of Fighting Mesotheloma
November 12, 2009
Conventional cancer treatments like radiotherapy and chemotherapy are more widely used to treat mesothelioma, but alternative treatments such as immunotherapy are becoming more and popular too.
Immunotherapy involves the use and manipulation of a patient's own immune system to help them fight diseases to which the immune system would not normally respond.
In the case of mesothelioma and other types of asbestos cancer, the patient's immune response does not typically react or destroy cancer cells for one very important reason: a normal healthy immune system does not recognize cancer c... (read more)
Author: Joseph Higgins
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2. Back Pain from Joint and Connective Tissue Problems
November 12, 2009
the joints connect with tissues that work with the muscles and bones. The joints connect with tissues to conjunction bones and enforce these two bones to move. In short, joints are articulates that rest between "two bone" planes and provides us stability, movement, and controls this range of movement. (ROM)
The joints have liners known as synovium. These liners are the inner joint surfaces that secrete fluids, such as synovial and antibodies. Antibodies and synovial reduce the friction of these joints whilst working in conjunction with the cartilages.
Picture, imaging reaching up t... (read more)
Author: Richie Lindsay
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3. Immune System And How To Boost It To Protect The Body
November 06, 2009
The main function of the immune system is to protect the body against various infections. It is the most important body component that helps in determining one's state of health. The effectiveness of immune system varies from person to person. In case of weak immune system the person is more susceptible to infections and other health problems. Immune system forms various antibodies that fight against germs. The main components of the immune system are bone marrow, antibodies, cells, lymph nodes, spleen, chemicals, thymus glands and tonsils. There are many foods that interfere with the working ... (read more)
Author: Carroll Willis
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4. Is The Influenza Flu Vaccine For You
November 05, 2009
The flu vaccine is produced every year from the US. This flu vaccine is commonly know as influenza vaccine. Influenza vaccine contains a small amount of flu virus which helps your body produce antibodies to help fight off the flu.
So how well does the vaccine work? That really depends on a close a match the influenza is to the current strains of flu in the year. Years where the vaccine has had a close match the vaccine is quite effective. Studies show around 70 to 90% effective. Some other years the match was not close and the vaccines were not very effective. The influenza shot has to b... (read more)
Author: Sanjib Sarkar
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5. Preventing Swine Flu - Protecting Yourself FromThis Dangerous Disease
November 04, 2009
Preventing Swine Flu - Protecting Yourself FromThis Dangerous Disease Before the year 2009, it had been kind of rare for people to catch swine influenza. To catch the illness, you had to come into some kind of contact with pigs. However, in March of the current year, that changed. It looked like people infected with swine flu had no contact with pigs. The disease had undergone a major mutation and was being transmitted person to person. Normally, after you've had a particular strain of influenza, your body retains the antibodies to kill it in the future. This gives you a natural immunity to th... (read more)
Author: ji doan
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6. The ELISA Kit - A Powerful Tool For Modern Science
October 23, 2009
ELISA is short for Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent, and up until now the ELISA kit is the safest and fastest way of diagnosing various types of infectious diseases in humans. The ELISA kit, in one of its many forms, can also be used to diagnose various diseases in plants and animals also. The ELISA test can be viewed much like the pregnancy test, because it works pretty much in the same way. The most common use for the ELISA kit is detecting antibodies and antigens in samples, in the field of immunology. Apart from using the ELISA kit to run toxicology tests which quickly reveal the presence or a... (read more)
Author: Fabiola Groshan
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7. San Diego Dog Vaccines - Vaccinate your dog in San Diego.
October 22, 2009
Vaccinating your canine is a simple procedure that is regularly done by all veterinarians. San Diego Dog Vaccinations are harmless, useful and well worth the monetary commitment. A lot of diseases that were once considered terminal to dogs are currently under control due to the use of modern vaccines.When San Diego dog vaccines are given, the body produces substances called antibodies. These antibodies are produced by cells (called lymphocytes) that start off in the bone marrow and increase in the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. When the actual virus agent is encountered by the dog's body, the... (read more)
Author: Morris Roste
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8. Allergies Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention
October 22, 2009
Allergy Causes: Our immune system contains two types of lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) that protect our body from any external attack. On recognition of a foreign substance, B-cell converts itself into a plasma cell and starts producing antibodies to destroy the foreign particles/substances. The plasma cell produces five basic antibodies which are: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM (these antibodies are called Immunoglobulin i.e. Ig) to destroy the foreign substance and antibodies produced by it. Among the antibodies produced by the plasma cell, the antibody that causes allergic reaction is IgE. ... (read more)
Author: Prince charm
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9. Healing Techniques Of The Mind And What You Need To Know
October 09, 2009
There are two kinds of healings, one is physical and one is psychological, and one guesses to which one is the more prestigious one. corporeal Mending is really easy, it is the defense mechanics of the body to preclude the further spread of infection and disease. The blood will normally clot (if there is a wound internally or externally) and antibodies within the body will come in and clean up, the skin will harden (for external wounds) and Mending will begin. Healing is a process that should take a few days, and the body is naturally equipped to deal with most things.
Of course serious in... (read more)
Author: Greg Frost
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10. Feel Young Stay Young
October 07, 2009
People all over the world use anti wrinkle serums but has any one ever thought what a serum is. Serum is a crystal liquid that remains even after the plasma portion clots. The blood in our body comprises of 45% of cellular portion while 55% is the plasma portion. Plasma is made up of salts, plasma proteins and water. The cellular portion contains red blood cells and the white blood cells. Plasma proteins comprise of antibodies, albumin and fibrinogen.
This is an observation that most of the people don not follow a nourishing skin care routine. Once these wrinkles appear on their face, t... (read more)
Author: Francis Adam
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11. Alternative Remedies for Allergies and its related problem
September 10, 2009
Alternative Remedies for Allergies and its related problem
An allergy is an abnormal reaction of the immune system to substances that cause no symptoms in most people. One in eight people have one or more allergies, and allergic conditions tend to run in families. Many common conditions such as hay fever, asthma, eczema and are caused by allergic reactions.
Allergic responses are triggered by the immune system, whose function is to recognize foreign proteins (antigens), such as bacteria and viruses and produce antibodies to fight them. The immune system also sensitizes the lymphocyt... (read more)
Author: adrianna smith
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12. Find A Better Natural Allergy Supplement On The Market
August 23, 2009
Many people can suffer from seasonal allergies, but with the time, these allergies can become annoyances for the years and even for the life time. The allergies can be caused due to mold, dust, mite and animal dander. These exposures produces allergy by your body immune system.
The antibodies produce by the specific allergen moves in the body and get attached to mast cells. These mast cells when breaks release inflammatory substances to produce allergy symptoms. These symptoms can be nasal blockage, congestion, itching, sneezing, coughing, sore throat, and runny nose.
The people, w... (read more)
Author: Robert Bell
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13. peptides are used for creating antibodies that fight diseases
August 20, 2009
Peptides or rather protein peptides have been in the news in recent times for various reasons. Protein peptides play an important role in scientific research involved in the field of molecular biology. These peptides are used for creating antibodies that fight diseases in the body of many animals. They are also used in the field of mass spectrometry. Peptides are also used in the research related to protein structure. In fact scientists have been able to gain insights into the function of protein in the human body through such studies. Protein peptides research has been a growing field of sc... (read more)
Author: alina thomas
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14. Herpes Symptoms - When And How?
August 13, 2009
Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by viruses HSV1 and HSV2. This disease infects the human body in many ways that are categorized by the health specialists like Oral herpes, Genital herpes (herpes), herpetic whitlow, herpes gladiatorum, ocular herpes, cerebral herpes etc. There are many phases in which the symptoms of this disease out broke; the genital area becomes red and swollen. Different symptoms are observed in various people. Initially, the outbreak is worst because of the antibodies in the body are lessens its reaction.
In the first phase, the herpes virus enters into the ... (read more)
Author: Jessie Marc Smith
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15. Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics
August 10, 2009
Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Report ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Monoclonal-Antibody-Therapeutics.html ) provides comprehensive analysis of the monoclonal antibody therapeutics market. Monoclonal antibodies achieved total sales of nearly $32bn in 2008 and have grown rapidly to command over 30% of the global biologic drug market. We expect significant opportunities for further commercial growth from 2009 to 2024, as shown in our new report, Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics 2009-2024. New technologies will be an important growth driver. Intensive R&D activity is produc... (read more)
Author: Bharat Book Bureau
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16. Do You Have Allergies to Cats
August 10, 2009
For non-asthmatic symptoms (sneezing and watery eyes), pet lovers can use non-systemic medications such as Lanacort, Nasacort, Nasal, and other nasal medications that will control symptoms. Claritin, Allegra and other treatments can work against allergy attacks. They work by gradually desensitizing a person's immune system to the pet allergens. Allergy-causing proteins are injected under the person's skin, triggering the body to produce antibodies (protective proteins) which block the pet allergen from causing a reaction. Treatment uses .antihistamines, such as chlortrimetron More severe cases... (read more)
Author: Jeffrey New
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17. Can Breast Feeding Cause Colic?
August 03, 2009
When a newborn baby comes out of the womb, doctors encourage mothers to breastfeed the infant. This is because the milk that comes out has nutrients in the right concentrations. It also has antibodies, which becomes the first line of defense against harmful bacteria and viruses.
Studies show that a mother can continue to breastfeed the child until it reaches 4 years of age. But because the teeth have already been developed, many decide to use a pump or change this for artificial milk.
One of the first challenges parents will face in the first six months is a condition where the bab... (read more)
Author: Reed Carney
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18. Can Food Cure?
August 03, 2009
Can Food Cure? by Sandy Powers Otiz the Iceman froze in the Alps 5,300 years ago. The well preserved mummy was discovered in 1991 by hikers in the remote Alpine border between Austria and Italy. Along with Otiz were found a copper ax, a flint-tipped dagger, a bow and arrows, and a pouch that, upon examination, was the Iceman’s traveling medicine kit. Inside the kit were over a dozen different plants along with berries and birch fungus, known to possess antibacterial properties. The active ingredients of birch fungus act as a disinfectant and coagulant to stop bleeding. The fungus ... (read more)
Author: Sandra Powers
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19. Hyperthyroidism in the Form of Graves' Disease - Understanding Graves' Disease
August 03, 2009
What is Graves' Disease? One of the most common disorders involving the thyroid is Graves' disease. Since it was first described by the Irish physician Robert James Graves, it has become the leading cause of hyperthyroidism in the world.
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies that mimic the effects of the hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland. These antibodies cause the thyroid gland to produce more and more thyroid hormone beyond the normal limits. This causes the body's metabolism to speed up, resulting in the symptoms of hyperthyroid... (read more)
Author: Ryan English
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20. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Its Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
August 03, 2009
Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Subclinical hypothyroidism, also known as mild hypothyroidism, is usually asymptomatic or if it does manifest itself, it may present with vague symptoms that could be attributed to other causes. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism have elevated serum levels of the thyroid-stimulating hormone while maintaining normal levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and may occur in the presence or absence of thyroid antibodies.
A common cause for subclinical hypothyroidism in areas with sufficient iodine sources is Hashimoto’s disease. In Hashimoto’s disease, a... (read more)
Author: Ryan English
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21. Are Allergies and Asthma Related?
August 03, 2009
When we hear of allergy and asthma studies, we often find them lumpted together. Is there really a connection between allergies and asthma? To get to the answer to this, we must first learn what allergies and asthma actually are.
Allergies are immune system reactions to things that others would find harmless. Certain foods, pollen, even dust are all considered allergens that can trigger an allergic reaction. The immune system produces antibodies that release chemicals
Asthma is a chronic lung condition, characterized by difficulty in breathing due to extra sensitive or hy... (read more)
Author: William Doyle
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22. Having A Look At The Causes Of Psoriasis
July 25, 2009
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that inflicts 1% to 3 p.c. of the world's population. It involves periodic flare-ups of well outlined red patches with a silvery, flaky covering on the surface of the extensors and scalp. There are a few types of psoriasis but the most common is plaque psoriasis. Although unknown, there are a few reasons behind psoriasis.
In a frequently working immune system, the white blood cells are responsible for the production of antibodies as cover against foreign bodies like bacteria or viruses. Likewise, they help in healing and combat agents that can cau... (read more)
Author: Josee Bedard
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23. Herpes Simplex Virus 1
July 21, 2009
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 are the two main viruses that lead to various painful infectious conditions in human beings. Herpes Simplex I mostly results in oro-facial lesions in humans.
Studies indicate that oral Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is the most easily acquired type of herpes infection. It is the first herpes simplex virus encountered. By adolescence and adulthood, about 50% Americans have HSV-1 antibodies in their blood. By the age of 50, about 80-90% Americans develop HSV-1 antibodies. Several researches worldwide have yielded no permanent cure yet. Efforts to bring out a va... (read more)
Author: Medavir dcosta
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24. Are People Over 60 Resistant to Swine Flu
July 21, 2009
Swine flu is a brand-new disease; but scientists have come quite a way in the one month that the disease has been around, but they do not know everything they need to about it. There is reason to believe today that people in the population over the age of 60 might possibly be less vulnerable to swine flu than younger people. People over 60 are expected to have been exposed to viruses from flu outbreaks in earlier times; this is expected to make them immunologically more resistant to swine flu.
Tests undertaken by the CDC on hundreds of senior citizens showed that a third of all people ove... (read more)
Author: Linus Orakles
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25. Healing Techniques Of The Mind
July 21, 2009
There are two kinds of healings, one is physical and one is mental, and one guesses to which one is the more powerful one. Physical healing is really simple. It is the defence mechanism of the body to prevent the further spread of infection and disease. The blood will normally clot (if there is a wound internally or externally) and antibodies within the body will come in and clean up, the skin will harden (for external wounds) and healing will begin. Healing is a process that should take a few days, and the body is naturally equipped to deal with most things. Of course serious injuries mig... (read more)
Author: Greg Frost
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