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Search Results - Antibody

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Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins[1], abbreviated Ig) are gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. They are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains—to form, for example, monomers with one unit, dimers with two units or pentamers with five units. Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell called a plasma cell. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.[2]

Although the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different target, known as an antigen.[3] This huge diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide diversity of antigens. The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called an epitope. These epitopes bind with their antibody in a highly specific interaction, called induced fit, that allows antibodies to identify and bind only their unique antigen in the midst of the millions of different molecules that make up an organism. Recognition of an antigen by an antibody tags it for attack by other parts of the immune system. Antibodies can also neutralize targets directly by, for example, binding to a part of a pathogen that it needs to cause an infection.[4]

The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity.[2][5] Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the base of the heavy chain to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system. Production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[6]

Surface immunoglobulin (Ig) is attached to the membrane of the effector B cells by its transmembrane region, while antibodies are the secreted form of Ig and lack the trans membrane region so that antibodies can be secreted into the bloodstream and body cavities. As a result, surface Ig and antibodies are identical except for the transmembrane regions. Therefore, they are considered two forms of antibodies soluble form or membrane-bound form (Parham 21-22).

Showing 1 to 25 of 50 Articles matching 'Antibody' in related articles.
Pages: 1 | 2 | Next >>

1. Optimistic Prospect of Chinese A (H1N1) Influenza Vaccine Market
October 02, 2009

www.shcri.com -- On the morning of September 14th, 2009, Hualan Biological Engineering Inc. declared that its clinical research on A (H1N1) influenza vaccine had been completed. According to the clinical research of Hualan, 21 days after the first vaccine injection of 15 mcg, HI antibody levels of children, teenagers, adults and old people come up to 74.53%, 97.14%, 97.14% and 79.05% respectively; 21 days after the second injection, the antibody levels are improved to 99.01%, 100.00%, 97.96% and 96.08% respectively. Immunogenicity is in accordance with the standard of EU and America. Secu... (read more)

Author: shcri com

2. List of Cancer Treating Drugs
September 13, 2009

Cancer, one of the most deadliest disease in our planet, is caused by abnormal cell division. Most cancers can be prevented by modifying the risk factors that might cause cancer such as proper diet, vitamin supplementation, chemo prevention, screening and vaccination (Prophylactic vaccines). Cancers are initially recognized by its symptoms or through screening process. It can be treated through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy or monoclonal antibody therapy and the treatment may vary depending on the stage of cancer and the affected areas. The following are the list... (read more)

Author: Robert Bell

3. The Most Potent Male Sexual Enhancement Formula on the Market!!!
September 11, 2009

Nine Health Benefits of SexSource: ABC News June 16, 2009A good sex life is one way to stay happy, healthy and fit. For example, sex can actually cause you to get fewer colds. Research has shown that couples who have sex weekly have a 30 percent increase in immunoglobulin A, an antibody that fights infection. Sex can also help women have a more predictable period schedule as a result of being exposed to male pheromones. Sex activates a nerve that has a calming effect. Having sex also lowers blood pressure, which reduces the risk of heart disease. Sex can even reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol an... (read more)

Author: Sergio Odom

4. List of Cancer Treating Drugs
September 09, 2009

Cancer, one of the most deadliest disease in our planet, is caused by abnormal cell division. Most cancers can be prevented by modifying the risk factors that might cause cancer such as proper diet, vitamin supplementation, chemo prevention, screening and vaccination (Prophylactic vaccines). Cancers are initially recognized by its symptoms or through screening process. It can be treated through surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy or monoclonal antibody therapy and the treatment may vary depending on the stage of cancer and the affected areas. The following are the list... (read more)

Author: Kenny Leones

5. Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics
August 10, 2009

Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Report ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Monoclonal-Antibody-Therapeutics.html ) provides comprehensive analysis of the monoclonal antibody therapeutics market. Monoclonal antibodies achieved total sales of nearly $32bn in 2008 and have grown rapidly to command over 30% of the global biologic drug market. We expect significant opportunities for further commercial growth from 2009 to 2024, as shown in our new report, Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics 2009-2024. New technologies will be an important growth driver. Intensive R&D activity is produc... (read more)

Author: Bharat Book Bureau

6. AIDS/HIV Information
July 21, 2009

AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome it causes a destruction of the immune system. It is the most advanced stage of the HIV virus (HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus). AIDS is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the presence of a positive HIV antibody test and one or more of the illnesses known as opportunistic infections. The HIV virus, type 1 or 2 is widely known to be the cause of AIDS. HIV breaks down and attacks your T cells so your body is unable to defend itself against different infections. The HIV virus also attacks y... (read more)

Author: William Doyle

7. Diseases related to dog grooming
July 21, 2009

The diseases related to dog grooming are auto immune diseases and its related symptoms such as dog immune system, horses and ponies, dogs and puppies. Auto immune diseases among dogs have an identical pattern like humans. The autoimmune diseases are related to genetic predispositions in humans and certain breeds in dogs are vulnerable than others. The immune system is in the internal body is a self healing natural system that comes into appearance or force once there is a foreign body intrusion. A disease is termed as immune only when something has prevented the immune system from recognizing ... (read more)

Author: Linus Orakles

8. What is Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis?
June 25, 2009

If you've been told that you have seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, you're probably wondering exactly what that is. It's not unusual for your doctor to not fully explain it to you. All that you'll usually be told is that you did not test positive for the rheumatoid factor. The rheumatoid factor is an immunoglobulin antibody that is found in the blood of around 80% of people with rheumatoid arthritis and is a common diagnostic tool for the disease. However, a certain number of people with the symptoms of the disease no not have this antibody. If that describes you, what does it mean for your p... (read more)

Author: Stephanie Varney

9. Bharatbook.com : Market analysis on Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies
June 19, 2009

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Markets Report ( http://www.bharatbook.com/Market-Research-Reports/Therapeutic-Monoclonal-Antibodies-Markets.html ) gives that, Antibodies are proteins in the immune system that help the body defend against foreign invasion, particularly from pathogens and toxins. As such, a human-engineered therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) is protein derived from the immune system through recombinant DNA technology that has the ability to combine specifically with a target protein that plays a role in a disease process.   With this unique ability to specifically target... (read more)

Author: Bharat Book Bureau

10. Bhartatbook.com: Trends developed in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Market
June 16, 2009

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Markets Antibodies are proteins in the immune system that help the body defend against foreign invasion, particularly from pathogens and toxins. As such, a human-engineered therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) is protein derived from the immune system through recombinant DNA technology that has the ability to combine specifically with a target protein that plays a role in a disease process. With this unique ability to specifically target diseased cells while leaving healthy cells unaffected, monoclonal antibodies can serve to diagnose and treat a wide ra... (read more)

Author: Bharat Book Bureau

11. Is The Stem Cell Debate Now Over?
February 04, 2009

The wait for those in support of embryonic-stem-cell research funding seems to be over, as the President Obama is expected to sign an executive order overriding the federal funding limits put on by the former administration. And leading to the rebirth of stem cell research. Those against stem cell research contend that stem cells research amounts to abortion, because it moves forward at the expense of destroying human embryos, which are fertilized eggs and in early stages of becoming a baby. And abortion is murder, so stem cells research amounts to killing. So when the Bush administration... (read more)

Author: Fred clay

12. Effects of ginseng in the aging process of human beings
January 14, 2009

No one likes to look old or want to feel old. Everyone wants to be physically active and young forever. But this is not possible… one gets old with times. Ginseng is one of the most generally used “anti aging medicine”. According to various studies, Asian Ginseng is an anti aging medicine used by people since ancient times. In addition to this, they have studied the effects of Ginseng in relation to life span, and antibody production in mice. The senescence-accelerated mice were given dosage of compound (made of Ginseng, Acorus, polygala and hoelen) for successive 13 months. They have witnesse... (read more)

Author: Rigler Jason

13. Complications of Blood Transfusion
November 21, 2008

The complications of blood transfusion are: 1 Allergic Reaction - it is caused by sensitivity to plasma protein of donor antibody, which reacts with recipient antigen Assessment: * Flushing * Rush, hives * Pruritus * Laryngeal edema, difficulty of breathing 2. Febrile, Non-Hemolytic - it is caused by hypersensitivity to donor white cells, platelets or plasma proteins. This is the most symptomatic complication of blood transfusion Assessment: * Sudden chills and fever * Flushing * Headache * Anxiety 3. Septic Reaction - it is caused by ... (read more)

Author: aristotle mangulabnan

14. Antibodies for use in Biomedical Research
November 21, 2008

Antibodies are an unmatched tool used in biomedical research since they attach with high similarity and specificity to an array of molecules - the majority notably peptides and proteins. They are used in proceedings where categorization, quantification, localization or confirmation of a protein is essential. For in-vivo therapeutic applications antibodies are used, due to their capability to bind firmly to a desired molecule. IDEC Pharmaceutical's Rituxan® for use against certain B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Genentech's Herceptin® drug for precise types of breast cancer are few of the su... (read more)

Author: pacific immunology

15. Basic Info About ELISA kits and Cytokines
November 11, 2008

ELISA kits, where the term ELISA denotes Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. It is also known by several other names such as, Enzyme Immunoassay or EIA etc. It is a biochemical technique used in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample. The ELISA kits are used as diagnostic tools in medicine and as well as plant pathology, as well as quality control check in different types of industries. ELISA kits are sought after because they are fast, affordable, can easily accommodate multiple samples, and does not really require highly specialized equipment. Cy... (read more)

Author: Fabiola Groshan

16. Allergies Type 4
October 30, 2008

Allergies Type 4 is also called cell-mediated or delayed allergies. When T-cells become activated and result in an inflammation of the effected area. Unlike the other type of allergies, type 4 is not antibody related but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. An example of this is a rash caused by poison ivy. Allergies type 4 is often called hypersensitivity or delayed type of reaction that takes two or three days to develop. The activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes involves the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Cytokines a... (read more)

Author: David Cowley

17. Allergies Type 2
October 30, 2008

Allergies Type 2 is also called antibody-dependent allergy. It is when antibodies combine with healthy cells in the your body and then your immune system attacks the health cells. Type 2 usually start in early childhood and are caused by repeated exposure to high concentration of pollen, dust or mold in the environment. Hyperactive children are at risk of developing this disease. Food and environmental pollutions are the most common cause of allergies type 2. Symptoms include mental confusion, depression, memory loss, personality changes, anxiety, migraine headaches and hyperactivity... (read more)

Author: David Cowley

18. 5 Vitamins To Boost Immune System
October 14, 2008

Vitamins, being very important constituents of the diet, influence and boost the immune system. Balanced diet offers vitamins to boost the immune system. Vitamins play a key role in the modulation of various immune processes like lymphocyte activation, proliferation, tissue specific lymphocyte homing, T helper cell differentiation, specific antibody production and regulation of the immune response system. Of all the Vitamins, Vitamin A and D are known to have clinical potential for the modulation of tissue specific immune response system and prevention and/or treatment of autoimmunity an... (read more)

Author: jesse james

19. IMPORTANCE ON HOW TO TREAT ASTHMA AND ALLERGY NATURALLY
September 29, 2008

Asthma is an allergic inflammation of the lungs, which can be triggered by air pollutants, pollens, molds, dust, animal dander, chemicals, foods, exercise, or even temperature changes. These asthma triggers produce allergens, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream causing the B cells or white blood cells to produce billions of molecules of the antibody IgE. These IgE molecules in the bloodstream then combine with the mast cells, which line the blood vessels or basophils, a type of white blood cell. Mast cells and basophils both contain histamine and serotonin, and the antibody IgE cause... (read more)

Author: ferguson owede

20. Antibodies for use in Biomedical Research
September 17, 2008

Antibodies are an unmatched tool used in biomedical research since they attach with high similarity and specificity to an array of molecules - the majority notably peptides and proteins. They are used in proceedings where categorization, quantification, localization or confirmation of a protein is essential. For in-vivo therapeutic applications antibodies are used, due to their capability to bind firmly to a desired molecule. IDEC Pharmaceutical's Rituxan® for use against certain B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Genentech's Herceptin® drug for precise types of breast cancer are few o... (read more)

Author: pacific immunology

21. Good pasture syndrome
September 12, 2008

Good pasture syndrome also called anti-glomerular vault antibody disease. Good pasture syndrome is a disease that affects the kidneys and lungs. It is an autoimmune disease a condition in which the body’s own security system reacts against several part of the body itself. When the immune system is working normally, it creates antibodies to fight off germs. It usually involves rapidly progressive kidney failure that develops in days to weeks along with lung disease. People generally are short of breath and cough up blood. Symptoms can rapidly become severe: Breathing can fail, and big amo... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

22. Biotech Development
September 08, 2008

In today’s times, science has developed far beyond the imagination. There was a time, when people were scared of the word cancer, but now the scenario has changed, as with the help of advanced technology, a dreaded disease such as cancer is easily detectable in its earlier stage and treatment may help cure this health hazard. However, the development in the field of science that is actually changing the face of every essential commodity of man is a new field of science named as Biotechnology. Biotechnology is a field of science, which helps in producing useful products by either deliberate ... (read more)

Author: Marcia Henin

23. New Treatment: A Vaccine for Asthma
August 01, 2008

Immunoglobuline (IgE) plays a major role in the release of symptom causing chemicals in asthma. A genetically engineered monoclonal antibody vaccine known as anti-IgE is currently undergoing human trials. Monoclonal antibodies are tiny proteins that are produced by white blood cells involved in immune reactions. These antibodies target substances such as IgE and neutralize it. Unlike conventional treatments such as corticosteroids that reverse inflammation after it has occurred, anti-IgE aims to curtail the inflammatory process before it starts. The results of the early trials of anti-Ig... (read more)

Author: Francis Adam

24. NOT all Good Bugs are created equal
July 28, 2008

High potency probiotics for Intestinal Health It is believed that gastrointestinal health is crucial for overall health. In Chinese medicine, it is foundational to treat the gastrointestinal tract before chasing after other symptoms. Healthy intestinal tract mucosal lining means optimal absorption of nutrients from food and nutritional supplements and strong natural antibody presence in the lining (IgA – immunoglobulin A). It also means decreased toxins being introduced to the body as in Leaky Gut Syndrome. An unhealthy intestinal lining can lead to an overworked liver, hormonal imbalance... (read more)

Author: Olivia Huber

25. Avastin - Wet Macular Degeneration
July 09, 2008

Avastin is the brand name for Bevaciumab a monoclonal antibody or an antibody that is an identical clone of a single parent cell. It was approved in 2004 by the FDA for use in the treatment of some cancers and is used as a first or second line treatment for patients. As the first clinically available angiogenesis inhibitor the United States it inhibits new cancer cells by blocking the growth of blood vessels in pre-existing tumors. A solid, non-liquid, tumor needs to grow additional blood vessels to be able to reach a certain size. With an angiostatic agent such as Avastin the gr... (read more)

Author: Donald Arson

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