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Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. The catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations. Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Catalysts that slow down the reaction are called negative catalysts or inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons. For instance, in the reduction of ethyne to ethene, the catalyst is palladium (Pd) partly "poisoned" with lead(II) acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2). Without the deactivation of the catalyst, the ethene produced will be further reduced to ethane.[1][2]

The general feature of catalysis is that the catalytic reaction has a lower rate-limiting free energy change to the transition state than the corresponding uncatalyzed reaction, resulting in a larger reaction rate at the same temperature. However, the mechanistic origin of catalysis is complex. Catalysts may affect the reaction environment favorably, e.g. acid catalysts for reactions of carbonyl compounds form specific intermediates that are not produced naturally, such as osmate esters in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed dihydroxylation of alkenes, or cause lysis of reagents to reactive forms, such as atomic hydrogen in catalytic hydrogenation.

Although catalysts are not consumed by the reaction itself, they may be inhibited, deactivated or destroyed by secondary processes. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solid-liquid system or evaporate in a solid-gas system.

The production of most industrially important chemicals involves catalysis. Similarly, most biochemically significant processes are catalysed. Research into catalysis is a major field in applied science and involves many areas of chemistry, notably in organometallic chemistry and materials science. Catalysis is relevant to many aspects of environmental science, e.g. the catalytic converter in automobiles and the dynamics of the ozone hole. Catalytic reactions are preferred in environmentally friendly green chemistry due to the reduced amount of waste generated,[3] as opposed to stoichiometric reactions in which all reactants are consumed and more side products are formed. The most common catalyst is the proton (H+). Many transition metals and transition metal complexes are used in catalysis as well. Catalysts called enzymes are important in biology.

Showing 1 to 25 of 241 Articles matching 'Catalyst' in related articles.
Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Next >>

1. Super-Splendid Ruby
November 20, 2009

"No one has found the worth of the ruby of the heart; its value cannot be estimated." - Sri Guru Granth Sahib quotes. Roman historian Pliny, in his own words, "gems of gems...surpassing all other precious stones in virtue." Ruby is regarded as a highly prized one through the ages. Categorized as Corundum, ruby is a red variety amongst its sibling, sapphire. Its fiery red color has served as a catalyst for arousing passionate feelings in one's heart. Likewise, this stone has also been related to the crimson or ruddy heart. For 10, 000 years or maybe more, ruby has been minin... (read more)

Author: Rajesh Kumar

2. The Nokia 2720 Fold offers flip phone simplicity
November 16, 2009

The Nokia 2720 Fold is a flip phone which is affordable as well as useful. It offers a multitude of functionality whilst looking superb in its stylish folding external casing. The flip phone has become a handset which is not as popular as it once was, with touch screen technology being the catalyst for the new range of phones. The flip phone has taken a step back. However, there are some inherent advantages to the flip phone, one of which is the ability to ensure the screen is kept clean when it is in a pocket or bag. The handset comes with a 1.3 mega pixel camera which operates at a reso... (read more)

Author: Phones Limited

3. HP triumphs Cisco with 3Com's acquisition?
November 13, 2009

Hewlett-Packard, California based technology giant has announced that it will acquire 3Com Corp. for $2.7 billion. HP plans the deal as a catalyst for an assault on the market leader in networking, Cisco Systems and reclaims its business in China as 3Com has a large presence in the country, which can help HP to expand sales into one of the world’s fastest-growing markets. HP announced the deal after the market closed with an offer price of $7.90 per share, which is a premium of about 39% to 3Com’s closing price. The terms and conditions of the deal have been approved by the HP and 3Com bo... (read more)

Author: Vinod NEgi

4. World of Warcraft Gold Farming Guides For Beginners - Quick Money Tips
November 13, 2009

Money has always been a catalyst that makes the world turn, especially in the virtual realm. World of Warcraft is one of the best online games around and many are quite hooked by its gameplay -- satisfying both the need to bash monsters, collect loots, meet friends, and of course, have fun. But all these requires some WoW gold into your pocket to improve your character. That's right; WoW gold is always hard to come by. You can use it to buy rare items or trade it with other players with items that you need. Keep in mind, however, that you can't just pick these gold from monsters you kill... (read more)

Author: Allen Blakemore

5. Insulation Benefits - Which Insulation Can Benefit The Most
November 13, 2009

Insulation benefits homes by rendering energy efficiency to homes to maintain internal temperature and boosting green profile by reducing carbon footprint. This is simply filling up the gap that is catalyst to heat transfer in and out of the house. For an existing home, it can be added to several areas to prevent wasted heat that occurs – - Around 35% from walls - Around 25% from roof - Around 15% from floor - Around 25% from windows and doors Insulation benefits in varying degree whether from the areas where installed or the types of materials used in the process. Materials to... (read more)

Author: Jack William

6. Kringleslist - Get Your Child a Personalized Santa Claus Video!
November 13, 2009

Personalized Santa Videos that can be prepared from a variety of sites, since many sites are presently offering this fabulous offer. ">Christmas is near and with lots of expectations every child looks forward to get some best rewards from Santa. Well, you can act as a catalyst and enroll your child’s name to some Santa question sites to give them the joy of their lives. What is the Advantage? There are a lot of advantages. Enrolling your child to any of these sites will serve you to make a memento of your child’s IQ. You can see the video and relate to your past in course of time t... (read more)

Author: Tyler Moon

7. Urban Street Clothing - Styling Up the Hip Hop Way
November 12, 2009

From the streets of New York to the lanes of America, the hip hop culture has come a long way. Hip hop has not only revolutionized music but has also drastically changed fashion to a great extent. Since street clothing is leaning towards becoming more of a comfort style, this fashion is one that will take over the world by storm. It is hard not to correlate hip hop music to this style because the music was the major catalyst that started the change. There was a drive within the music that made the youth express themselves loud and clear through their dress. This was the way to get peopl... (read more)

Author: Tab Hunter

8. Legal Advantage Exhibits and Sponsors AIPLA's 2009 Annual Meeting
November 05, 2009

Bethesda, MD October 10, 2009 Legal Advantage announced today that it will be sponsoring and exhibiting the upcoming American Intellectual Property Lawyer’s Association (AIPLA) in Washington DC. “We are always excited to support AIPLA. They have been a catalyst for intellectual property industry and the broader legal community in providing a forum to discuss critical issues that are impacting the IP industry. ,” said Mirza Baig, CEO of Legal Advantage, LLC. “Each year, we do something fun to get our clients and attendees excited about stopping by and attending. During this yea... (read more)

Author: michel arthur

9. The Secret to Increasing Business Results
October 27, 2009

There are many paths to being an entrepreneurial business owner, and many of them may feel ‘accidental’. Somehow customers find you for something you didn’t think of as valuable, or you fall into having a business through inheritance or just doing what’s fun as a college kid that just kept going. Sometimes it’s because you just wanted to do a part-time business that was interesting and challenging because your job wasn’t fulfilling and, lo and behold, your business takes off! In whatever way it happens, or even if it hasn’t happened yet but you can feel your spirit pulling you toward ent... (read more)

Author: Lynn Scheurell

10. The Healing Process
October 26, 2009

“What can I say for you? With what can I compare you, O Daughter of Jerusalem? To what can I liken you, that I may comfort you, O Virgin Daughter of Zion? Your wound is as deep as the sea. Who can heal you?” – Lamentations 2:13(NIV). Healing is the process of restoration to a state of good health, or wellness, or wholeness, or completeness. The healing could be in any area – spiritual, physical, political, family, business, relationships, education, mental, psychological and the like. There is usually, or there can be no healing without the [application of] the necessary healing agen... (read more)

Author: Onyekachukwu Ukeje

11. Top Viral Marketing Strategies For Traffic Building
October 22, 2009

Viral Marketing bomb explodes the global world by exploiting the market and masses as a communication hub that encourages people to pass the marketing message. You need to capture the consumer market with your unique and powerful virus and spread using most powerful tool word-of-mouth. Pass-it-on, self-replicating and self-generating, million eyeballs, explosive text, catalyst, market shrink are few very common terms associated with this terminology. What I have found is viral marketing is very difficult to start, very difficult to spread and even more difficult to achieve success. If it is a... (read more)

Author: samantha milner

12. Advocare Reviews - A Critical Look At Advocare?s Business Model and Recruiting System
October 22, 2009

A Critical And Unbiased Review of Advocare. Advocare Was founded by Charles E. Ragus in 1993. The company pioneers nutritional and weight loss products, which are the backbone to the business. As every person is well aware of, this market is flooded with lotions, potions and pills. What Makes this company so different? They would say it?s the value of their products, which are superb by the way. The truth is, dietary suppliments are a dime a dozen and it?s a idiotically competitive market. It?s most prevalent potion is ?Spark?. It?s one of those powders you pour into your water. ... (read more)

Author: Josh Boxer

13. Filing systems and how can they help you get organized?
October 16, 2009

Filing system is like a catalyst between the operating system and the drives, which keeps track of the important files you might want to store on your system and also retrieve the information when required for the smooth functioning of your office work. So said, many people feel that filing systems are ideal to maintain huge storage of information unlike paper filing which could be really messy and difficult to track most of the times. The electronic information storage system will definitely come with advantages that far outweigh associated disadvantages if any. They are quick to locate... (read more)

Author: Jim Grady

14. Kids entertaining gaming sites
October 16, 2009

Kids’ entertainment is very important for their normal grow up. But every parents have to know and remember that this entertainment must be proper and of right kind. By the term ‘right kind’ we are referring to such entertainment which is healthy and catalyst to his or her proper psychological growth. With the time passing the number of psychological problems and aberrations of children is increasing and for these reasons number of crime and mental problems are also increasing. So be very careful. Now you are wondering what you can do to give your kid a perfect entertainment? Where are th... (read more)

Author: jack chappel

15. Make the best use of online kids' games
October 16, 2009

While the whole world getting more and more techno savvy day by day then why should the children and kids stay behind this. They will also be enjoying the blessing of technology and also suffer the curse of technology. But with right supervision and right choice of game this game play always a catalyst part in the proper building of your psychology and mentality. The mathematical side, the puzzling sides get a push from this gaming sites and playing there. Computer games are not always meant for fun and entertainment and enjoyment but they also have an educational side and value. If parents s... (read more)

Author: jack chappel

16. Cystic acne and body dysmorphic disorder
October 13, 2009

An interesting thing is that the psychological condition of body dysmorphic disorder is very often triggered by Cystic Acne. This is a condition where people feel that they are extremely hideous despite the fact that they are normal looking. Cystic acne often acts as a catalyst in this disorder from what I have seen and read about it. Just like anorexia is often triggered by an individual being initially overweight, BDD is triggered by things like acne (or also common is a large nose). It causes a lot of emotional stress and this is very unfortunate that it is this way. Then I am alw... (read more)

Author: jason canley

17. How to Find Possible Places for Metal Detecting
October 12, 2009

Folks are into metal detecting for various undertaking. To most, the prospect of locating lost relics is an enough catalyst. To some, the profits of metal detecting has eventualized several disparate profits and rewards. Few gravitate towards the excitement of finding, studying of history through research and traveling, meeting new people as well as making friends through the course of all the travels as well as the development of one's discipline, perseverance and patience. There are many means you can research and begin the hobby of metal detecting. You can find for anc... (read more)

Author: Alma Hnanguie

18. Marketing 2.0: Five Steps to Harnessing the Power of Marketing 2.0 for Your B2B Company
October 12, 2009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper explores the differences between the old and new ways of B2B Marketing, and then lays out the five practical steps to assist you in taking advantage of the new Marketing 2.0 opportunities. The catalyst for Marketing 2.0 is the amount of knowledge that is now freely available on the Internet for B2B buyers. Knowledge that shifts the power from seller to buyer. Traditional methods, such as Outbound or Interruption Marketing are no longer effective. The new model revolves around "permission-based", Inbound Marketing, and the capability of integrated Sales an... (read more)

Author: Axel Kuhn

19. Cavity Wall Insulation - How To Measure Its Effectiveness?
October 05, 2009

The cavity wall insulation is strongly advocated by the Government for all existing general buildings if they are built in or after 1935 onwards till 1989. From 1989 onwards, buildings were insulated according to the then building regulations. Houses built during the span between 1935 to 1989 following regulations had such spaces in the walls for air passage. Currently, such openings in the walls act as a catalyst to heat exit and entry of cold air inside leading people depend hugely upon the energy operated heating system. These heaters produce carbon dioxide based heat to maintain indoor cli... (read more)

Author: Jack William

20. Use Rituals to Create What You Want
October 05, 2009

Throughout history, rituals have played an important role in society to usher in new beginnings, communicate intention and celebrate achievement. The notion of communicating directly with the unseen, intangible world of the universe while living on the physical plane is a new one for most people. However, it’s also the secret to much of what has been created that’s beyond the known, familiar or expected in the world we know today. With the pace of living and keeping up in today’s world, we often forget, neglect or don’t know the importance of setting aside time to focus our energy on what... (read more)

Author: Lynn Scheurell

21. Mining Your Soul for Gold
October 05, 2009

Everything that you are seeking right now is already within you. That’s a big statement but it’s based on my belief that we are here as a physical representation of Divine energy. That is, the Universe lives through each of us, and that (naturally enough) includes living through you. When you recognize that you are special, that there is no one else like you, and that it is only through you that your particular light energy will ever shine for all of our collective benefit, something magical happens. You realize that if you live with your brakes on, if you turn down your light so someone... (read more)

Author: Lynn Scheurell

22. Is Smudgy Energy Sabotaging Your Life Wealth?
October 05, 2009

If you are finding yourself feeling stuck, not making progress toward what you want, or discovering that you are off-track but don’t know why, the answer is in your energy. What’s happening is that you are spending your time in spin because your energy field has built up extra ‘gunk’ in it. Think of it like this: if 50 people were all to touch a glass door, they would leave a handprint on it and the door would get bleary and smudgy, right? What if the glass door didn’t get cleaned and 50 more people touched it the next day? And then the next day, the same thing - you get the idea. That g... (read more)

Author: Lynn Scheurell

23. The Feng Shui of Your Money
October 05, 2009

Feng Shui, literally meaning wind and water (the only two elements you can’t live without!), is the art of positive interaction between people and their environments for optimal life success. The name for this action is “chi” flow; literally, it is our cosmic breath. There is chi in everything around us, and how chi moves through and with us in our environments determines our quality of life. And Feng Shui is the name for the relationship that occurs between you, your chi flow, and your environment. This “ancient Chinese secret” is alive and well… and people are learning every day how to... (read more)

Author: Lynn Scheurell

24. Can I Whiten My Teeth With Hydrogen Peroxide?
October 02, 2009

What if you could go back to a time when you didn't have to whiten your teeth? Wouldn't that be a most exciting time? No need to worry about having yellow teeth... well, this may all be possible again if you are wondering what some of the main ingredients are for whitening teeth? Well, hydrogen peroxide is probably the most popular ingredients found in whitening products, in fact it's the catalyst required. Here is an a recipe which uses hydrogen peroxide and some whitening kits that make whole process much easier. Baking soda and hydrogen peroxide Baking soda is a commonly used ingr... (read more)

Author: IK Ani

25. How To Cure Male Yeast Infection !!!
September 24, 2009

Yeast is a group of unicellular fungi, a tiny plant-like micro organism that exists all around us. Yeast is a catalyst, it is yeast that leavens the dough of bread, it is yeast that ferments the beer and it is yeast that gives champagne its bubbly quality, for these are the good yeasts, the superheroes in our lives. There are hundreds of different manufacturers that produce thousands of products which are consumed by nearly 17 million people in the United States who have yeast infection. THE ITCHERS Affecting the males, it is characterized by itching and irritation of the genitals ... (read more)

Author: barak telerman

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