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Search Results - Cryptography

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Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek ???pt??, kryptos, "hidden, secret"; and ???f?, grápho, "I write", or -????a, -logia, respectively)[1] is the practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.

Until modern times cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption, which is the process of converting ordinary information (plaintext) into unintelligible gibberish (i.e., ciphertext).[2] Decryption is the reverse, in other words, moving from the unintelligible ciphertext back to plaintext. A cipher (or cypher) is a pair of algorithms which create the encryption and the reversing decryption. The detailed operation of a cipher is controlled both by the algorithm and in each instance by a key. This is a secret parameter (ideally known only to the communicants) for a specific message exchange context. Keys are important, as ciphers without variable keys can be trivially broken with only the knowledge of the cipher used and are therefore less than useful for most purposes. Historically, ciphers were often used directly for encryption or decryption without additional procedures such as authentication or integrity checks.

In colloquial use, the term "code" is often used to mean any method of encryption or concealment of meaning. However, in cryptography, code has a more specific meaning. It means the replacement of a unit of plaintext (i.e., a meaningful word or phrase) with a code word (for example, apple pie replaces attack at dawn). Codes are no longer used in serious cryptography—except incidentally for such things as unit designations (e.g., Bronco Flight or Operation Overlord) —- since properly chosen ciphers are both more practical and more secure than even the best codes and also are better adapted to computers.

Some use the terms cryptography and cryptology interchangeably in English, while others (including US military practice generally) use cryptography to refer specifically to the use and practice of cryptographic techniques and cryptology to refer to the combined study of cryptography and cryptanalysis.[3][4] English is more flexible than several other languages in which cryptology (done by cryptologists) is always used in the second sense above. In the English Wikipedia the general term used for the entire field is cryptography (done by cryptographers).

Showing 1 to 18 of 18 Articles matching 'Cryptography' in related articles.
Pages: 1

1. Benefits of Electronic Checks and EFT Payments
October 08, 2009

An electronic funds transfer or EFT, is a system for transferring money from one bank to another electronically. Transferring funds electronically has become commonplace and widespread since the arrival of personal computers, improved cryptography and the internet. Direct deposit is the most common electronic funds transfer method that there is. It is used by employers for depositing the salaries of their employees directly into their bank accounts. Another common type of EFT is the automatic charge that is made to you savings or checking account. For example, when you are making a mortg... (read more)

Author: Caitlina Fuller

2. Career in Information Security/Ethical Hacking
September 25, 2009

-What is the entry level post? Network Security Administrator Application Security Tester Forensics Tester Ethical Hacker Junior Security Auditor Security Certified Programmer Security Certified Information User -What is the starting salary? In India the starting salaries are of the range Rs 15K-50k depending on qualifications. For e.g- A person who has done B.Tech computer science along withh a security certification like MASE will normally get around Rs 30K as a starting salary and a person who has done diplomas etc with security certification like MASE will get around Rs 15K once ... (read more)

Author: appin Technologies

3. Tips to resolve corruption in ACCDB file
August 31, 2009

To enhance the functionality of MS Access, Microsoft introduced a new database file format “.accdb” with the release of MS Access 2007. While the new database format uses strong cryptography techniques and multivalued fields, it can still get corrupted due to various logical factors. Few common factors responsible for corruption of .accdb file are application malfunction, unexpected system shutdown, and virus hits. Once the .accdb file gets corrupted, the data stored in the file becomes inaccessible. An ideal way to overcome .accdb corruption scenarios is by restoring the .accdb file from an u... (read more)

Author: colin dolly

4. 8 Ways To Make Your Software Hacker-Proof and Crack-Proof With CryptoLicensing
August 05, 2009

CryptoLicensing uses the latest military strength, state-of-the-art cryptographic technology to generate secure and unbreakable license codes to ensure that your software and intellectual property is protected. Cryptographic licenses are unbreakable even when using brute force computing power. Furthermore, since the licenses can only be generated using the private key (which only you possess), this means that it is impossible for a hacker to develop a 'keygen' (key generator) for your software. This is an excellent first line of defense. It is upto you to provide the next line of defense. The ... (read more)

Author: Himangi G.

5. Public Key Infrastructure is a way to express progress
January 13, 2009

Public Key Infrastructure represents a way to enable users who have an unsecure public network, such as the Internet, to securely and privately excange data or money with the help of a public and private cryptographic key pair, that is obtained and shared through a trusted authorithy. The Public Key Infrastructure gives a digital certificate that can identify an individual or an organization that can store or revoke certificates. The Public Key Infrastucture uses public key cryptography, which is a common method used on the Internet for authenticating a message sender or encrypting a mess... (read more)

Author: Clint Jhonson

6. Semiconductor Lasers Generate Better Random Numbers
December 22, 2008

Random numbers -- numbers without any pattern -- are vital to many applications, such as computer simulations, statistics, and cryptography. There are many ways to generate them using unpredictable physical processes, including electric-signal noise and radioactive decay, but these methods cannot produce the quantities of numbers needed to keep up with the high data-processing rates of today's computers. A group of scientists seems to have discovered a way around this problem. They have found that the physical chaos present in semiconductor lasers -- laser light produced using a semicondu... (read more)

Author: Shane Ennerson

7. Laser can crack unbreakable quantum communications
October 13, 2008

A new research has found that by shining a bright laser into sensitive equipment that uses the technology of quantum cryptography, makes it possible to hijack communications without a trace. Quantum cryptography has been used by some banks to protect data, and even to hide election results in Switzerland last year. But, according to a report in New Scientist, it has been discovered that shining bright light into the sensitive equipment needed makes it possible to possible to intercept messages without detection. It turns the equipment into a puppet-box that an eavesdropper can contr... (read more)

Author: Shane Ennerson

8. UniKey Hardware Key for safe software copy protection and software license management
October 08, 2008

UniKey Hardware Key for safe software copy protection and software license management Unikey software protection Keys UniKey hardware keys are a software rights management solution that protects software vendors from unauthorized use or distribution of their products. UniKey Hardware keys are hardware tokens which, when attached to a computer or network, monitor and enforce the licensing of protected applications. UniKey hardware keys were integrated in over 52 countries worldwide. UniKey has been setting the most cost effective and secure keys for software protection. UniKey Secur... (read more)

Author: Carl Wei

9. Cryptography in Daily Life
September 08, 2008

What is cryptography? Generally cryptography is the technique to transform readable data to unreadable data. We deal with it every single day of our life. Many important areas of science use cryptography, but everyone of us has been using it for years, yet didn’t realize what he/she was doing. One can write and research endlessly when it comes to cryptography, therefor this is just a little peak in the areas where it is applied. Now let’s see where cryptography is used! I don’t get it, what does this really mean? Think of the ordinary people. We all have secrets, we have a lot o... (read more)

Author: Julia Aidan

10. ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUE
September 02, 2008

In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plain text) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text). In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption (e.g. "software for encryption" can typically also perform decryption), to make the encrypted information readable again (i.e. to make it unencrypted). Encryption... (read more)

Author: Rohit singh

11. All About SSL
February 21, 2008

An SSL, or Secure Socket Layer, is technology that has been developed that allows web browsers and web servers to communicate over a secured connection. The system uses cryptography that uses two keys to encrypt data - a public key known to everyone and a private or secret key known only to the recipient of the message. It’s a way to encrypt data, like credit cards numbers (as well other personally identifiable information), which prevents the "bad guys" from stealing your information for malicious intent. The recently introduced SSL v3 improved upon SSL v2 by adding SHA-1 based ciph... (read more)

Author: Clyde Lee Dennis

12. How to keep files secure? Cryptography, file wiper, internet privacy
February 24, 2007

It is well-know fact that files deleted in Windows will be recoverable. So anyone who have access to the computer will be able to undelete file and the content of the file. It seems to be the problem of top-secret organizations and agencies, but in fact, end-users also must consider this problem. Notebook computer might be stolen or lost. In this case the most vulnerable is information that looks like deleted, but is actually available for covering. Another problem is internet activity. Any Internet browser leaves a lot of traces, including the links to visited sites, used loggings and s... (read more)

Author: Sam Miller

13. The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography - Part II
January 19, 2007

The original plan for this article was to continue where "The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography - Part I" left off, going into detail on how deception cryptography conveyed information about the historical secrets outlined in my article "JFK Conspiracy and Other Historical Secrets." Next on the list was the assassination of Martin Luther King. Decoding book author Morten St. George says he will try to make the King prophecy available online. For this final interview, he wants to change the subject. He wants to talk about a failed date cipher. In the more than twenty-five years he spent ... (read more)

Author: Robert Bell

14. The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography - Part II
January 09, 2007

The original plan for this article was to continue where "The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography - Part I" left off, going into detail on how deception cryptography conveyed information about the historical secrets outlined in my article "JFK Conspiracy and Other Historical Secrets." Next on the list was the assassination of Martin Luther King. Decoding book author Morten St. George says he will try to make the King prophecy available online. For this final interview, he wants to change the subject. He wants to talk about a failed date cipher. In the more than twenty-five years he spent ... (read more)

Author: Gersiane De Brito

15. The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography - Part I
December 07, 2006

Secret communication is nothing new. Books on the history of cryptography reveal that hidden messages date to as far back as there are records. After millennia of efforts to conceal messages, one might think that every imaginable cryptographic technique was tried long ago and is now widely known. "Not so," according to Morten St. George, author of a book on cryptic thinking. St. George maintains that forty-two of the Nostradamus prophecies employ a unique type of cryptography that until now has never been identified, catalogued, or reused. Moreover, St. George claims that it may be the m... (read more)

Author: Gersiane De Brito

16. The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography - Part I
November 27, 2006

Secret communication is nothing new. Books on the history of cryptography reveal that hidden messages date to as far back as there are records. After millennia of efforts to conceal messages, one might think that every imaginable cryptographic technique was tried long ago and is now widely known. "Not so," according to Morten St. George, author of a book on cryptic thinking. St. George maintains that forty-two of the Nostradamus prophecies employ a unique type of cryptography that until now has never been identified, catalogued, or reused. Moreover, St. George claims that it may be th... (read more)

Author: Gersiane De Brito

17. JFK Conspiracy and Other Historical Secrets
November 21, 2006

The prophecies of Nostradamus, today popularly believed to be the work of a charlatan, are given new life in Morten St. George's Incantation of the Law Against Inept Critics: A Guide to Cryptic Thinking. St. George discovered that some of the famous stanzas masked their message by means of a unique type of cryptography involving the deployment of a wide array of deception devices. Nonetheless, a rigorous and systematic unraveling of these devices does not always wind up with the prophecies confirming recorded history. Unperturbed, St. George allows his decoding techniques to take the prophe... (read more)

Author: Gersiane De Brito

18. New Directions for Removable USB Mass Storage
September 01, 2006

Recent developments in USB mass storage are truly remarkable. The technology is convenient and powerful, but corporate executives are losing sleep not knowing how much intellectual property is lost or stolen through portable mass storage on the gigabyte scale. However, with the proper controls in place, the USB mass storage protocol can be harnessed for beneficial security uses. On-board capabilities of strong cryptography and authentication appearing on some devices today are the prime ingredients for a new direction in the evolution of USB mass storage; portable identity management and se... (read more)

Author: Larry Hanning

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