The
Flamen Dialis was an important position in
Roman religion. There were 15
flamines , including the flamen dialis who was the
high priest of
Jupiter. The flamen dialis was one of three flamines maiores, the flamines serving the three gods of the
Archaic Triad. According to tradition the flamines were forbidden to touch metal, ride a horse, or see a corpse.
The office of flamen dialis, and the offices of the other flamines maiores, were created by Numa Pompilius, although Numa himself performed many of the rites of the flamen dialis [1].
The Flamen Dialis enjoyed many peculiar honours. When a vacancy occurred, three persons of patrician descent, whose parents had been married according to the ceremonies of confarreatio (the strictest form of Roman marriage), were nominated by the Comitia, one of whom was selected (captus), and consecrated (inaugurabatur) by the Pontifex Maximus.[2] From that time forward he was emancipated from the control of his father, and became sui juris.[3] He alone of all priests wore the albogalerus (Apex);[4] he had a right to a lictor,[5] to the toga praetexta, the Sella Curulis, and to a seat in the Roman senate in virtue of his office. This last privilege, after having been suffered to fall into disuse for a long period, was asserted by C. Valerius Flaccus (209 BC), the claim allowed however, says Livy, more in deference to his high personal character than from a conviction of the justice of the demand.[6] The Rex Sacrificulus or Rex Sacrorum alone was entitled to recline above him at a banquet; if one in bonds took refuge in his house, the chains were immediately struck off and conveyed through the impluvium to the roof, and thence cast down into the street[7] if a criminal on his way to punishment met him, and fell suppliant at his feet, he was respited for that day;[8] usages which remind us of the right of sanctuary attached to the persons and dwellings of the papal cardinals.
To counterbalance these high honours, the Dialis was subjected to a multitude of restrictions and privations, a long catalogue of which has been compiled by Aulus Gellius[9] from the works of Fabius Pictor and Masurius Sabinus, while Plutarch, in his Roman Questions, endeavours to explain their import. Among these were the following
