Search Results - Geology
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Geology (from Greek ??, gê, "earth"; and ?????, logos, "speech" lit. to talk about the earth) is the science and study of the solid matter that constitutes the Earth. Encompassing such things as rocks, soil, and gemstones, geology studies the composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape Earth's components. It is one of the Earth sciences. Geologists have established the age of the Earth at about 4.6 billion (4.6x10 9) years, and have determined that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust, is fragmented into tectonic plates that move over a rheic upper mantle ( asthenosphere) via processes that are collectively referred to as plate tectonics. Geologists help locate and manage the Earth's natural resources, such as petroleum and coal, as well as metals such as iron, copper, and uranium. Additional economic interests include gemstones and many minerals such as asbestos, perlite, mica, phosphates, zeolites, clay, pumice, quartz, and silica, as well as elements such as sulfur, chlorine, and helium. Geology is also of great importance in the applied fields of civil engineering, soil mechanics, hydrology, environmental engineering and geohazards. The word "geology" was first used by Jean-André Deluc in the year 1778 and introduced as a fixed term by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the year 1779. The science was not included in Encyclopædia Britannica's third edition completed in 1797, but had a lengthy entry in the fourth edition completed by 1809.[1] An older meaning of the word was first used by Richard de Bury to distinguish between earthly and theological jurisprudence. The work Peri Lithon (On Stones) by Theophrastus (372-287 BC), a student of Aristotle, remained authoritative for millennia. Peri Lithon was translated into Latin and some other foreign languages. Its interpretation of fossils was the most dominant theory in classical Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, until it was replaced by Avicenna's theory of petrifying fluids (succus lapidificatus) in the late Middle Ages.[2][3] In the Roman period, Pliny the Elder produced a very extensive discussion of many more minerals and metals then widely used for practical ends. He is among the first to correctly identify the origin of amber as a fossilized resin from pine trees by the observation of insects trapped within some pieces. He also laid the basis of crystallography by recognising the octahedral habit of diamond. Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that modern geology began in the medieval Islamic world.[4] Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048 AD) was one of the earliest Muslim geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea.[5] Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981-1037), in particular, made significant contributions to geology and the natural sciences (which he called Attabieyat) along with other natural philosophers such as Ikhwan AI-Safa and many others. He wrote an encyclopaedic work entitled “Kitab al-Shifa” (the Book of Cure, Healing or Remedy from ignorance), in which Part 2, Section 5, contains his essay on Mineralogy and Meteorology, in six chapters Formation of mountains, The advantages of mountains in the formation of clouds; Sources of water; Origin of earthquakes; Formation of minerals; The diversity of earth’s terrain. These principles were later known in the Renaissance of Europe as the law of superposition of strata, the concept of catastrophism, and the doctrine of uniformitarianism. These concepts were also embodied in the Theory of the Earth by James Hutton in the Eighteenth century C.E. Academics such as Toulmin and Goodfield (1965), commented on Avicenna's contribution "Around A.D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later".[6] Avicenna's scientific methodology of field observation was also original in the Earth sciences, and remains an essential part of modern geological investigations.[3]
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Showing 1 to 25 of 28 Articles matching 'Geology' in related articles. |
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1. The idea behind any term
August 20, 2008
Ecology is one of the broader elements of the systems operating in the earth; in fact ecology is an understanding of the earth itself! Since it ranges across much number of regulations, an ecology glossary becomes indispensable in understanding the many processes involved. The ecology glossary would not only involve terms from the ecology but it would also cover up terms from related disciplines like chemistry, physics, climatology, and geology. Some descriptions for ecological terms will include arguments from other fields also which might require some inter-discipline references.
An e... (read more)
Author: harry mcgonal
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2. The Geology of Rivers in France
August 13, 2008
The real reason for sketching the geology of the rivers is that it explains their curious course. In their early beginnings they are all mountain streams, such as drain the rainy hills everywhere. They tumble in waterfalls, ripple into pools. Their sides are steep, often narrow enough to be called gorges, of the v-shape eroded by water flowing with a strong head of power through ages too long to reckon. But as they reach the Causses, the character of the rivers changes suddenly. There the long volcanic faults gave them their original beds. The faults are not slopes, however steep, but perpendi... (read more)
Author: Sarah Martin
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3. Yellowstone National Park
July 14, 2008
2.2 million acres of perfect vacation destination, that’s the Yellowstone National Park for you. This northwestern corner of Wyoming has a little bit of everything – history, geology, natural beauty, bird and animal watching and photographic thrills. Yet, many people who come here return even without tasting a half of the rich and variegated fare on the Yellowstone menu.
Most of the tourists who come to the Park indulge in ‘car-watching’. They look at rustic wildlife, the amazing geothermal phenomena and exciting waterfalls through the tinted glasses of their air-conditioned car! However... (read more)
Author: Lizzi Loraine
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4. Discover the Answer To: What Does Tap Water Contain?
June 13, 2008
When seeking an answer to the question "What does tap water contain?" one benefits from a broad knowledge of geography and geology. That fact should not surprise those who are familiar with the water cycle, and with the path that water takes to the sea.
After a rainstorm, water rushes down from the land into creeks and streams. At the same time, the land absorbs the water, allowing it to travel down to the level of the groundwater. Eventually, the water in the creeks and streams makes its way to a larger body of water. All sources of fresh water can become a potential source of tap water... (read more)
Author: Laurel Tevolitz
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5. Applied Seismology: A Comprehensive Guide to Seismic Theory and Application
May 26, 2008
Bharatbook.com is proud to announce the new report “Applied Seismology: A Comprehensive Guide to Seismic Theory and Application” (http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=7436).
Applied Seismology: A Comprehensive Guide to Seismic Theory and Application: This new text provides comprehensive coverage of exploration seismology and elements of geology pertinent to exploration geology. It is profusely illustrated and has workshops included to aid understanding. The text includes several appendices to explain the math , equations and answers of the selected exercise questions
Overview and ... (read more)
Author: Bharat Book Bureau
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6. Karshanbhai Patel of Nirma
May 05, 2008
Karshanbhai Khodidas Patel (popularly known as K K Patel) is a low profile person and is popular in India for his soap with brand name Nirma. K K Patel came from a farmer family of Mehsana, Gujarat, India. Before starting a small scale business, he worked as Lab Assistant in Geology and mining department of Gujarat. He started the business of washing soaps and detergents in competition with Hindustan Lever, a multinational company. The technology he was using or less profit margin, he offered the soap of equivalent quality at a price less than half. The name given to the product was Nirma... (read more)
Author: Jaksha Shah
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7. Properties of Minerals
April 30, 2008
Mineral identification is done by checking for certain properties of minerals. Because each mineral has its own unique set of physical properties we can test a specimen and find out how it exhibits these properties. This list of characteristics along with a good field guide will improve your chances of identifying mineral specimens. Some of the tests can be performed easily in the field, while others require laboratory equipment. For the beginning student of geology, there are a number of simple tests that can be used with a good degree of accuracy on common minerals. These tests are listed b... (read more)
Author: Claudia Mann
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8. Austin: more than just Live Music Capital of the World
April 20, 2008
Many of the tourists that visit Austin come for its vibrant nightlife; it is after all, the 'Live Music Capital of the World'. However, there are many other attractions in Austin that don't involve music.. Austin offers a wealth of museums and art galleries. The Texas Memorial Museum is the main exhibit hall of the Texas Natural Science Centre. Since it opened in 1939, it has assembled a collection of 5.7 million specimens in the disciplines of palaeontology, geology and biology. The Blanton Museum of Art is the largest university arts museum in the entire U.S.A, and houses some 17,000 wo... (read more)
Author: Paul McIndoe
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9. On the Road to Wine: Travelling Yosemite and Vine Country
March 31, 2008
California has established itself as one of the most prolific producers of fine wines in the world and nearly 90% of all American wine comes from California. The Napa Valley, located in Napa County has a Mediterranean climate, geography and geology that is highly conducive to growing quality grapes. Indeed, the wine production in California is more than double that of Australia and ranks as the world's fourth largest wine producer in the world. The lush green landscape of the Napa Valley makes an alluring destination for wine lovers, and combined with other attractions in the region it i... (read more)
Author: Matthew Pressman
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10. Colossus Minerals: A Colossal Opportunity
March 16, 2008
By James West
Colossus Minerals (TSX.CSI) stunned the mining world last year with its successful acquisition of Serra Pelada, one the most dramatic and fought-for mines ever to emerge in Brazil. And with drills turning right now, there’s no better time to take a hard look at this newly listed company.
A report published in Economic Geology in 2002 cites an internal report by Companhia Vale do Rio Doce that says, “The remaining reserve of Serra Pelada is currently estimated at 3.7 Mt @ 15.20 grams per tonne gold, 4.09 grams per tonne of palladium, and 1.89 grams per tonne of Platinum... (read more)
Author: Resourcex Investor
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11. Chemistry is No More a Mystery with Online Chemistry Tutoring
March 11, 2008
Chemistry is the science concerned with the study of composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. Chemistry can be called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology.
Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. The study of inorganic matter is known as inorganic chemistry; the study of organic matter is called organic chemistry; the study of biological organisms... (read more)
Author: JumpHigher Global
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12. Diamonds Are Eternal
March 07, 2008
From the depths of the Earth, diamonds are formed in the unforgiving burning core of our planet. Carbon crystallizes to form the most spectacular gem mankind has ever known or probably will ever know and that is what makes diamonds eternal. The gem itself is steeped in mystery, as geology and modern science has still been unable to uncover its exact origin. Ancient Greeks notably presumed that diamonds were the result of stars that had shattered in the sky and fallen to Earth. It was also a common belief, in the Middle Ages, that diamonds possessed healing properties so people would often slee... (read more)
Author: Alex Maryaskin
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13. New Hampshire: New England's own winter wonderland
March 04, 2008
Known as "The Granite State" both on account of its geology and history of self-sufficiency, New Hampshire is a fantastic holiday location all year round. Historically a state which has based its economy around textiles and other manufacturing, the last 50 years have seen a significant shift towards tourism, offering visitors all the quintessential New England pleasures, such as historical sights, museums and nature centres, and with winter just around the corner, New Hampshire offers some of the best ski resorts the US. The White Mountain range, covering approximately a quarter of the... (read more)
Author: Andrew Regan
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14. Mineral Exploration In Canada
February 06, 2008
Canada has been a leader in mineral exploration and extraction for over 50 years. Canada is the largest single exporter of oil to the United States, and Alberta is the #2 oil supplying region in the world. Mines in Quebec, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Ontario, and Alberta extract enormous quantities of aluminum, coal, potash, copper, diamond, gold, nickel, uranium, zinc, oil, and natural gas that are shipped throughout the world. Over half of the world’s 2300 mining related companies are listed on Canadian stock exchanges, and 40% of the world’s mining companies are based in Canada. In ... (read more)
Author: Robert Jent
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15. Linux Gold Corp (OTCBB:LNXGF) New Ester Lode Project
October 26, 2007
When I spoke to John Robertson, president of Linux Gold Corp. about the new property announced on October 18th near Fairbanks, Alaska, he looked like a very happy person indeed.
“I can’t say much about it. The owners have extremely high expectations and the preliminary geology looks very interesting, but there’s no (N.I.) 43-101 compliant data available just yet. Our consulting geologist (and Qualified Person under NI 43-101*) took multiple samples from existing channels, and those assays will be out in a couple of weeks. That will be the first information we have that is 43-101 compli... (read more)
Author: Eric Pratt
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16. The Wonder of Kauai
October 01, 2007
The most northern of the Hawaiian Isles, Kauai sports 550 square miles of land, bursting with tropical beauty and natural heritage. Being one of the oldest Hawaiian Islands, Hanalei on the North shore is one of the earliest towns known to have been settled in by Pacific explorers.
Kalapaki is one of the more popular destinations of Kauai, being the centre for transportation and business but also holding the world famed Kauai Museum. The Kauai Museum holds extensive exhibits relating to geology, flora, fauna and extensive artefacts from the missionary and plantation periods. There is furth... (read more)
Author: Jacob Getty
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17. Chemistry: At Least Half of Everything
June 21, 2007
It has been often said and many times proven that nothing exists or can be explained without mathematics and chemistry. Chemistry is the essence of all things and mathematics is the universal language utilized to explain this essence.
Chemistry is the science that studies molecules, crystals, metals, and non-metals and it is concerned with the composition, transformations and interactions of all materials found in everyday life.
Chemistry is called the ’central’ science. This is because it is the link between other natural sciences such as biology, geology, astronomy ... (read more)
Author: anthony amerson
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18. Rocks Also Can Talk
May 21, 2007
Garden of the Gods is one of the most interesting and worth seeing rock formations in the state of Colorado. It is located in Colorado and Manitou Springs. The founders of Colorado Springs named it Garden of the Gods because believed that it was a gathering place for Gods. It was also a place where Pueblo Indians lived. In 1879, Charles Perkins, who was a president of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy Railroad at that time, purchased much of the land of modern Garden of the Gods. After his death, at his request, his family gave the land to the City of Colorado Springs to be used as a park. ... (read more)
Author: Jeff Stats
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19. All About Italy: A Tourist's Five Minute History of Europe's Favorite Travel Destination
May 11, 2007
Of all the journeys we have ever taken, those romantic vacations to Italy still linger in my mind and heart, resonating magic into my everyday life for months if not years after the fact. Italy's long and enduring past, her extraordinary history stretching back into antiquity, her volatile geology which in turn has created her dramatic geography, all combine to make Italy a kingdom of storybook landscapes, always ready to be discovered and celebrated anew by this year's crop of avid tourists. In case you will be among them (the avid tourists, that is) in the coming months, and because it's r... (read more)
Author: Sue Rauch
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20. South Wyoming's Best Uranium Discovery?
May 06, 2007
In yesterday’s conversation with Dr. Robert Rich, we determined he had the credentials and industry knowledge to provide Yellowcake Mining (YCKM) with credibility in the uranium space. But, what about the geology? Many juniors have skated onto the radar by using a ‘big name’ to attract investors. Too often, the property’s geology is lacking the factors which would lead to actual uranium mining. Often, the industry-celebrity name is barely familiar with the company’s property.
To our surprise, Dr. Rich was intimately familiar with Yellowcake Mining’s Juniper Ridge property in southern Wyom... (read more)
Author: James Finch
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21. Geologic History of Denali National Park
April 05, 2007
Denali national Park lies in the heart of a curved mountain chain about 600 miles long, the Alaska Range. In the McKinley massif area, the range is about six miles wide and is aligned generally northeast to southwest. This is the highest part of the range with many peaks over 10,000 feet high. Elsewhere in the range, the mountains are mostly between 7000 to 9000 feet high.
The centerpiece of these high mountains is Denali, the highest peak in North America, at 20,320 feet. “Denali” means “the high one” in a local Athabascan dialect. Officially the mountain is still called Mt. McKinle... (read more)
Author: Frank Grabowski
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22. Geography and Geology of the Galapagos Islands
March 12, 2007
The Galapagos archipelago is located about 1000 kilometers to the west of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. It is formed by 13 main islands: Darwin, Wolf, Pinto, Marchena, Genovesa, Fernandina, Isabela, Santiago, Baltra, Santa Cruz, San Cristóbal, Floreana, as well as countless islands (that here are not mentioned). The islands cover a total area of 7,882 square kilometers. The same as many oceanic islands as Hawaii, the Galapagos island are product of the tectonic motion of the layers under the surface. The feathers of the mantel are columns of hot rock, of about 100 kilometers of ... (read more)
Author: Eric Castro
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23. Discover the Derbyshire Dales in England
March 01, 2007
Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve consists of parts of five separate limestone valleys in the Peak District National Park – Lathkill, Cressbrook, Monk’s, Long and Hay Dales. These represent some of the best examples of wildlife habitat and geology in the White Peak area of Derbyshire and are perfect to explore on foot or cycle.
Several long-distance paths run through or close to the Reserve, including the Limestone Way and the Monsal Trail. The Reserve is well served by rights-of-way. There are Youth Hostels at Bakewell, Youlgreave, Elton, Ravenstor (near Tideswell), Hartington and... (read more)
Author: chris sabian
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24. Floods And Water Damage In Your Home - What You Need To Know About Water Damage Restoration
December 08, 2006
The distribution of human populations close to water is the chief cause of floods, not geology or the weather. Floods from the sea can cause overtopping of flood-defenses like dikes and flattening of dunes or buffs. The worst floods usually occur when a river overflows its banks. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain.
The most likely appliances to flood your home and cause water damage are the water heater and washing machine, according to a study released February 15, 2005. Carried out by Safeco Insurance, the study demonstrates that one... (read more)
Author: Adam O'Connor
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25. What Is Holistic Health?
November 20, 2006
Understanding holistic health means understanding your roots and your connection to Earth and Heaven. The Earth, we’ve been taught, is one of nine or more planets in a solar system. It has a history, a geology, a topography and many electro-magnetic forces that create and allow life. It has layers of composition consisting mainly of water and minerals and its core is a mystery to all but the most creative science fiction writers. We know it is somehow connected to God, or whomever we believe created it, and it changes every day. It has within its power the ability to cleanse its rivers and... (read more)
Author: Rayna Gangi
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