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Gaius Julius Caesar[1] (pronounced ['ga?.i.us 'ju?li.us 'ka?sar] in Classical Latin; conventionally /'ga?.?s 'd?u?li.?s 'si?z?r/ in English), (13 July 100&_160;BC[2] – 15 March 44&_160;BC[3]), was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

As a politician, Caesar made use of popularist tactics. During the late 60s and into the 50s&_160;BC, he formed political alliances that led to the so-called "First Triumvirate," an extra-legal arrangement with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their factional attempts to amass power for themselves were opposed within the Roman Senate by the optimates, among them Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, with the sometime support of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the North Sea, and in 55&_160;BC he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's, while the death of Crassus contributed to increasing political tensions between the two triumviral survivors. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a stand-off between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. With the order that sent his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49&_160;BC from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.

After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He heavily centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity" (dictator perpetuo). A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44&_160;BC, hoping to restore the normal running of the Republic. However, the result was another Roman civil war, which ultimately led to the establishment of a permanent autocracy by Caesar's adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. In 42 BC, two years after his assassination, the Senate officially sanctified Caesar as one of the Roman deities.

Much of Caesar's life is known from his own Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero, the historical writings of Sallust, and the poetry of Catullus. Many more details of his life are recorded by later historians, such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Strabo.

Showing 1 to 25 of 27 Articles matching 'Julius Caesar' in related articles.
Pages: 1 | 2 | Next >>

1. A Short History of Bruges
November 05, 2009

Bruges (in French or Brugge in Dutch), is the capital of the province of West Flanders in present-day Flanders, the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is one of Europe's most important landmarks as the city has hardly changed since the Middle Ages. Julius Caesar's built the first fortifications in the 1st century BC to protect the coast against pirates. Next came the Franks around the 4th century and Viking raids in the 9th century prompted Baldwin I, Count of Flanders to reinforce the Roman fortifications. It is at around this time that coins appeared bearing for the first time the name Brygg... (read more)

Author: Charles Binns

2. France's Cartoon Hero Astérix Celebrates 50th Anniversary
October 22, 2009

France is celebrating the 50th anniversary of Astérix, the comic book character whose adventures find him battling the armies of Julius Caesar with his Gallic buddies in Brittany more than 2,000 years ago. Since Astérix made his debut in 1959, he has starred in three movies and 34 books, and has fans worldwide. From Paris, Lisa Bryant takes a look at what makes France's cartoon mascot so beloved.Astérix is not your typical hero. He is not tall or handsome, and he is certainly not a prince. But along with his sidekicks, enormous, goofy Obelix and dog Idéfix, Ast&... (read more)

3. A Brief History of Paris
October 23, 2009

Paris is located on an island in Seine called Ile de la Cite. Lie de la Cite served as the headquarters for the Paris tribe during the 200 B.C., known as Lutetia. The Roman Empire was attached with 2 wooden bridges crossing the river between the island to the river left and right. The bridges caught Julius Caesar attention, which he in turn brought it to the Romans attention. Julius Caesar explained how the Gallic War burned the bridges in the 52 B.C. and along with all the attractions in this town on the island in Seine called at this time Lutetia. It took nearly a century to bui... (read more)

Author: Andrew Collins

4. The Egyptian Queen Cleopatra
October 02, 2009

I guess when a person thinks about Cleopatra the queen of Egypt (51-30 B.C.), what comes to your mind first is her love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. When her father who was king of Egypt had died in 51 B.C., Cleopatra, who at the very young age of 17, and her brother, Ptolemy XII, a mere child possibly only 12 years old, both inherited the throne of Egypt, with the understanding that they should marry. However, after a few years had past by, Ptolemy advisors pushed him to gain complete control of the country and to get rid of his sister, Cleopatra. Well, the exiled queen immedia... (read more)

Author: Meredith Miller

5. History of Hair Transplant
September 02, 2009

The first records of the demand for "additional hair" extends clear back when Julius Caesar ruled. However, in 1939, the first published methods for hair transplant (also called grafting) was achieved by a Japanese Dermatologist, Dr. Okuda. Unfortunately, much of the hair transplant history was not credited to him since World War II crumbled the Western Hemisphere. The actual process of the remedy for a balding head surfaced in 1952 in New York City. Dr. Normal Orentreich submitted the first proposal for a hair transplant operation. His first few drafts about hair transplant were actually... (read more)

Author: Alicia McWilliams

6. The Caesar Haircut Makes A Comeback
May 27, 2009

The Caesar haircut was very popular in the 90's and is now making a comeback. The name comes from Julius Caesar's style that has been shown in many pictures around the world. The style went away for a time, but is back now and back with a vengeance! The bangs of this haircut just creep over the forehead area on a man. The style was very popular with many stars of years gone by. Some of the characters from Battlestar Galactica wore this style. Dirk Benedict wore it a tone point in time. It is a great style for those with thinning hair. It makes this a lot less noticeable to others. This is... (read more)

Author: Marsudi Suwarnaadi

7. The Desired Fantasy Daggers
April 28, 2009

If you thought that history is awash with the use of swords' then the same applies to daggers as well. While a dagger is relative smaller than a sword' daggers too have many important tales to tell. For example' a dagger was what was responsible for the death of the great Julius Caesar. Many people favor daggers over swords owing to their small sizes and light weight. Besides' more and more weapon collectors are looking at getting themselves some good fantasy daggers. Highly decorative' intricately made daggers can now be found quite easily. Their 'tainted' reputation notwithstanding' the... (read more)

Author: Todd Hemme

8. Marvelous Paris
April 08, 2009

The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC. The name of the city comes from the name of a Gallic tribe (parisis) inhabiting the region at the time of the Roman conquest. Known as Lutetia (Lutece) in ancient times, Paris was conquered by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, and existed as a regional center under the Romans and in the early Middle Ages. Formerly a little village mostly built along the river, it became the capital of France in 486. Paris is the most popular tourist destination in the world, with over 30 million foreign visitors ... (read more)

Author: Eva Avram

9. When the Hill of Lights Beckons
March 24, 2009

The second-largest French city is known for its Ligue 1 football team, cinema, and gastronomy. Lyon is also the capital of the Rhone department and the Rhones-Alpes region as well as the site of the UNESCO World Heritage. Founded as a Roman colony in 43 BC on Fourviere hill by Julius Caesar’s lieutenant the city was initially christened Lugdunum which means ‘hill of lights’. The city of Lyon is well-connected with trains, trams, buses and funicular lines. But we suggest walking right up to the summit of the Fourviere hill – you can also take the funicular there – and treat your sight to ... (read more)

Author: Mike Greaves

10. The elegance of French Furniture
January 27, 2009

We all are aware of the great history of France. But there is more to it. Even today, France holds its place in the world map for various reasons. One of them is the elegance and beauty of the emperor style French furniture. Whenever, French and emperor style come into our head, we start thinking about Alexander the great, Julius Caesar or the great Napoleon Bonaparte. So you can guess that the French style furniture which followed this trend is pretty much masculine. These empires used to hire many great artistes from different part of the world, to make great furniture, and till date those d... (read more)

Author: newtons furniture

11. Holidays in Egypt
October 10, 2008

Millennia of History to See Egypt has attracted visitors as famous as Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte and even they have stood in awe of the pyramids, the Sphinx, the Library of Alexandria, and countless other wonders of the ancients. Today, some of these marvels of engineering and architecture still stand and millions of visitors annually visit them. The Religious Aspects of the Area While Israel is the cradle of three of the world’s major religions, Cairo is known for monuments to both the Christian and Islamic faith. There are a number of mosques throughout the country; ... (read more)

Author: Stephen  Xec

12. The Sex Life of Julius Gaius Caesar and Powerful Libido Enhancers From History
June 10, 2008

All too often the great writing of the past has been overlooked and under-studied. As many of the great works have not been accurately translated, we here present for you some findings from the writings of Suetonius, (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus),who in his 'Lives of the Caesars' revealed a great amount of information that we might find in today's gossip columns. We learn of his preferences for certain sexual positions and also his diet for keeping his libido strong... Cesar in Rome Many people think of Caesar as only the great general and military leader. However, he leaned all he ... (read more)

Author: kelly price

13. Shakespeare's thoughts on Obese and Plump Men
June 10, 2008

Quote "Let me have men about me that are fat; Sleek-headed men and such as sleep o'nights; Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks too much, such men are dangerous." Unquote Caesar, an excerpt from "Julius Caesar" William Shakespeare 1564-1616 You are doubtlessly aware of the incontrovertible outcome of that tale as relates to "sleek-headed men, with lean and hungry looks"? I dont have any substantiated grounds that "sleek-headed men, with lean and hungry looks", are any more perilous than plump or obese men? Nevertheless; in William Shakespeare's era, he m... (read more)

Author: Ross St Quin tin

14. A History of Winemaking in the U.K.
November 24, 2007

Legend says that Julius Caesar brought the first wine grapes to the U.K. But while it’s clear that the Romans did bring grapes to the region, it’s not so clear whether there were native grape vines already in existence. The Romans may have brought their own grape varieties because of a preference in taste, or simply to remind them of home—but either way, theirs is the earliest known occurrence of winemaking in the U.K. The Romans had to bring their own grapes to far-flung outposts of the Empire. As the Empire grew, it became more and more difficult for supply trains to travel—sometimes... (read more)

Author: Janette Vince

15. The Calendar Today
October 25, 2007

The Calendar Today The word calendar has its root in the Latin word calends which referred to the first days of each month. Much of the calendar as we know it today is derived from ancient times. The Calendar: The ancients knew that the celestial year lasted for around 364 days. Since this was in error, in 46 BC Julius Caesar introduced an amended calendar (the Julian calendar) which added a day every four years to give an average year of 365.25 days. However, the Julian revision was slightly too long and, as it gradually fell out of step with the actual seasons, Pope Gregory XI... (read more)

Author: Brian MacDonald

16. Learning the ropes of Numismatics
October 21, 2007

Numismatics is the study of money, medallions, banknotes, token coins, and stock certificates. It is believed to have been established in the time of Julius Caesar who wrote the first book on the subject. It is a very interesting topic because every medal or coin signifies a different era, culture, economy and/or politics. Numismatists or the people who study the history and over all appearance of the above mentioned forms of currency are different from coin collectors. Unlike numismatists, coin collectors are only interested in collecting coins and the prestige that goes along with it; ... (read more)

Author: Nicholas Tan

17. Gaius Marius: ruthless reformer of the armies of Ancient Rome
September 20, 2007

Historians from the time of the Roman Empire up to modern times have held strong opinions on the life and character of Gaius Marius. Best known for being the uncle of the famed Julius Caesar, he has also been regarded as barbaric, displaying unbridled ambition and by some accounts as having an evil influence on the Roman Empire. At the same time however, he also achieved high ranks in both politics and the military in ancient Rome, despite being an outsider and hailing from a family with no political ties. He is also credited with revolutionizing Rome's army, with the changes he institute... (read more)

Author: Adam Singleton

18. How Cleopatra Bewitched Her Men
August 01, 2007

Cleopatra the queen of Egypt mesmerized Julius Caesar. He was so smitten by her, he sent his armies to win back his lover's throne. Mark Anthony loved her so much when he heard the erroneous news of her death, he killed himself. Both ruled Rome. Both were the most powerful men of their time. So what was it about Cleopatra that had them thinking with their hearts instead of their heads. The initial assumption was her beauty. Men would go to extremes for the object of their affections, who, incidentally are very beautiful. That was the assumption until British archaeologists unearthed coins... (read more)

Author: Janice Wee

19. Rome tour: Sightseeing Rome With Private Guide
May 10, 2007

Visiting Rome has always been a challenge for the tour guides of Rome who must not only have a degree in art history or archaeology but also have studied deeply the history of Rome. In fact today customers with Internet and more information at disposal want to know more about Rome like, "how old was Julius Caesar when he was assassinated" or "how many people live in the vatican". Many interesting questions are asked by the customers and this means that only a private tour of Rome can solve the intricacies of the history of Rome which covers a period of 3000 years. For example... (read more)

Author: stefano sandano

20. What does history have to do with sales and marketing?
March 28, 2007

What does Julius Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, Queen Elizabeth’s victory over the “invincible” Spanish Armada, and Watson and Crick’s discovery of the DNA double helix have to do with sales and marketing? “Everything!” says author Patrick Henry Hansen. “History is largely ignored as an information source in the business arena. Momentous historical events are packed with entertaining, eye-opening examples that teach timeless principles suitable for present-day application—specifically sales and marketing.” Mr. Hansen draws on some of history’s most compelling moments to teach principles of sell... (read more)

Author: Patrick Hansen

21. Casino is the Temple of Games.
March 04, 2007

“An individual plays only when he is human in the full sense of the word, and he can be wholly human only when he is playing”. Friedrich Schiller The history tells us that in 49 B.C. the famous ancient Roman commander Julius Caesar, having won brilliant victories over barbarian galls, wanted to seize supreme power in the Eternal City. Then the frightened senators forbade him and his troops to return to Italy. Without hesitations, the commander announced about his decision regarding the senate ban by saying "Alea jacta est" ("The die has been cast") and crossed the border river Rubic... (read more)

Author: Arthur Prudent

22. Understanding Male Pattern Baldness
December 09, 2006

Male pattern baldness has affected men throughout history. Prior to the medical treatments available today men attempted to treat hair loss in a variety of ways, usually with trying to hide hair loss. Both Napoleon and Julius Caesar grew their hair long, and combed it forward. Others hid their hair loss with wigs and hats. Others believed in mixing animal ingredients together as a paste to treat their hair loss. Unfortunately, no matter how we attempt to treat hair loss, there is still no cure. The medical term for male pattern baldness is Androgenetic Alopecia, which is the cause of 95... (read more)

Author: Matt Adler

23. How to create the ultimate spa retreat in your own home
October 03, 2006

The origin of the word “spa” is said to come from the town of Spa located in Belgium which has been known since the times of Julius Caesar for its deep soaking baths and relaxing atmosphere. In fact, the modern spa can be considered a direct descendant of the act of bathing in hot springs by as far back as the Babylonians. Visiting a spa is very much a sensory experience, the feeling of tranquility and relaxation that one gets when entering a spa is directly related to the synergy of the atmosphere. Flooring, wall décor, furniture and fixtures made of natural materials are most prom... (read more)

Author: Ashwin kumar

24. Master the Art of Persuasion for Your Essays
August 10, 2006

“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears” – was the begging of the greatest speech in the history of humanity. It was the speech that in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar turned the Romans against Brutus and helped justice triumph. Neither actions, nor events could change the wheel of history. The fact is that Antony’s speech was the sole force that made people change their mind. That is what you have to achieve when writing a persuasive essay – persuade your readers to adopt your point of view and take a particular action. As it proved to be in Julius Caesar, you need to go through thic... (read more)

Author: Linda Correli

25. Hair Loss Treatments
March 29, 2006

The desire to avoid hair loss is not confined to our time. In ancient Egypt, men used to rub fat from crocodiles, snakes, lions, and other animals on their head in hopes of preventing or treating hair loss. Julius Caesar and Napoleon also experienced hair loss and tried to conceal it by growing their hair long in the back and combing it forward over their heads. Today, this motivation to avoid balding is still evident. There are many available hair loss remedies that include creams, vitamins, hormones, wigs, hairpieces, hair transplants, and scalp-reduction procedures. A report filed recent... (read more)

Author: Josh Riverside

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