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Search Results - Lichen

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Lichens (pronounced /'la?k?n/,[1] sometimes /'l?t??n/[2]) are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc).[3] The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth—arctic tundra, hot deserts, rocky coasts and toxic slag heaps. However, they are also abundant as epiphytes on leaves and branches in rain forests and temperate woodland, on bare rock, including walls and gravestones and on exposed soil surfaces (e.g. Collema) in otherwise mesic habitats. Lichens are widespread and may be long-lived;[4] however, many species are also vulnerable to environmental disturbance, and may be useful to scientists in assessing the effects of air pollution,[5][6][7] ozone depletion, and metal contamination. Lichens have also been used in making dyes and perfumes, as well as in traditional medicines.

The body (thallus) of most lichens is quite different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately, and may strikingly resemble simple plants in form and growth. The fungus surrounds the algal cells, often enclosing them within complex fungal tissues unique to lichen associations. In many species the fungus penetrates the algal cell wall, forming penetration pegs or haustoria similar to those produced by pathogenic fungi.[3][8] Lichens are poikilohydric, capable of surviving extremely low levels of water content.[9] However, the re-configuration of membranes following a period of dehydration requires several minutes at least. During this period a “soup” of metabolites from both the mycobiont and phycobiont leaks into the extracellar spaces. This is readily available to both bionts to take up essential metabolic products ensuring a near perfect level of mutualism.[citation needed] Other epiphytic organisms may also benefit from this nutrient rich leachate.[citation needed] This phenomenon also points to a possible explanation of lichen evolution from its original phycobiont and mycobiont components with its subsequent migration from an aquatic environment to dry land.[citation needed] During repeated periods of dehydration in an alga and the resultant leakage of beneficial metabolites to the adjacent aquatic fungus, the mutalistic “marriage” slowly becomes constant.[citation needed]

The algal or cyanobacterial cells are photosynthetic, and as in plants they reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic carbon sugars to feed both symbionts. Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If a cyanobacterium is present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities of the green alga.

Algal and fungal components of some lichens have been cultured separately under laboratory conditions[citation needed], but in the natural environment of a lichen, neither can grow and reproduce without a symbiotic partner.[citation needed] Indeed, although strains of cyanobacteria found in various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another, they differ from the most closely related free-living strains. [10] The lichen association is a close symbiosis It extends the ecological range of both partners and is obligatory for their growth and reproduction in natural environments.[citation needed] Propagules (diaspores) typically contain cells from both partners, although the fungal components of so-called "fringe species" rely instead on algal cells dispersed by the “core species.”

Showing 1 to 15 of 15 Articles matching 'Lichen' in related articles.
Pages: 1

1. Scotland Holidays - Aviemore and the Cairngorms
August 06, 2009

This area is a foremost tourist area in Scotland and is privileged to have two of the most distinctive ecosystems in the UK. High up in the Cairngorms there is the relict flora of the last Ice Ages ? a British tundra. As well as heather there is enough lichen to support reindeer, dwarf willows, the cloudberry (a kind of sweet yellow raspberry, extensive also in Norway) and the mountain aven (extensive also in Canada). In the lowlands there are extensive woodland remnants of the ancient Caledonian forest, which have Crossbills, Black Grouse and Capercailzie. More famous are the Ospre... (read more)

Author: charles marriage

2. Information on Lichen Sclerosis At Atrophicus
September 29, 2008

Lichen sclerosus (LS) also known as white-spot disease. Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus is an rare disease of unknown cause that results in white patches on the skin, which may cause scarring on and roughly genital skin. It most commonly affects the vulva (genital skin) of women. It can occur at any age but most commonly develops in middle aged women. It is estimated that lichen sclerosus affects about 1 in 1000 women. In males, lichen sclerosus affects the foreskin and end of the penis. The male-to-female ratio is 1:6. The disorder affects women between the ages of 40 and 60. It is uncommon b... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

3. Psoriasis and Self Esteem
July 24, 2008

EMOTIONAL SETBACKS Psoriasis can be difficult emotionally and physically, and have a big effect on your self esteem but it doesn't have to get the best of you. It's not uncommon to experience a sense of shock, frustration, confusion, and anger about what's happening to your skin. Having these feelings may lead to deep sadness or depression. One of the hardest things about living with psoriasis is that you encounter cycles of strong emotions, usually when the psoriasis goes into remission or reappears. The disease is unpredictable, and the emotions it triggers may reoccur. Common tri... (read more)

Author: Jennifer Sarpong

4. Complete Information on Erythromelalgia
July 11, 2008

Erythromelalgia is a disease rare and characterized by the redness of the skin, the enlarge temperature, and the pain in the ends (of the feet and the hands), which usually occurs in response to heat and the moderate exercise. Erythromelalgia can be primary or secondary with the disorders myeloproliferative (for example, will vera of polycythemia, thrombocythemia), with hypertension, the venous insufficiency, the mellitus of diabetes, the SLE, RA, the sclerosus of lichen, the drop, the disorders of spinal cord, or the multiple sclerosis. Secondary erythromelalgia can result from the peripheral... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

5. Lichen Planus - Information on Lichen Planus
May 05, 2008

Lichen planus (LP) is a pruritic, papular eruption characterized by its violaceous color; polygonal shape; and, sometimes, fine scale. It is most commonly found on the flexor surfaces of the upper extremities, on the genitalia, and on the mucous membranes. LP is most likely an immunologically mediated reaction. See Oral Lichen Planus for more information on this variant of LP. Lichen planus is an uncommon disorder involving a recurrent, itchy, inflammatory rash or lesion on the skin or in the mouth. The exact cause is unknown, but the disorder is likely to be related to an allergic or imm... (read more)

Author: Corwin Brown

6. Lichen Striatus Treatment Tips
January 01, 2008

Lichen striatus is an uncommon self-limiting skin rash that occurs mainly in children. It usually involves the arms and legs, but can affect any part of the body. Females are affected two to three times more than males. It presents as pink raised spots that join together to form one or more dull red slightly scaly linear bands. This condition most commonly occurs in children between five and ten years of age. More than 50% of all cases occur in children aged 5-15 years. Lichen striatus often appears as a sudden eruption of small papules on an extremity. The papules are usually asymptomatic, re... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

7. Lichen Simplex Chronicus Treatment Tips
January 01, 2008

Lichen simplex chronicus is a skin disorder characterized by chronic itching and scratching. It is also known as localized eczema. This condition causing thickened skin at the areas of skin injured by repeated scratching and rubbing. Lichen simplex chronicus is not a primary disease but rather the skin's response to chronic physical injury (trauma). The gradual thickening of skin, caused by repetitive scratching and rubbing, is called lichenification. Lichen Simplex Chronicus is seen in people with eczema. Although eczema can affect the whole body, the eruption of LSC in usually found in one a... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

8. Lichen Sclerosus Treatment Tips
January 01, 2008

Lichen sclerosus is a rare condition that creates patchy, white skin that's thinner than normal. It usually persists for years, and can cause permanent scarring. Lichen sclerosus may affect skin on any part of your body, but most often involves skin of the vulva, foreskin of the skin around the anus. LS may be associated with an increased risk of developing vulval or penile cancer. The cause of iichen sclerosus active immune system and hormone problems. It is also thought that people inherit the likelihood of getting the disease. Sometimes, lichen sclerosus appears on skin that has been damage... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

9. Lichen Planus Treatment Tips
January 01, 2008

Lichen planus is a disorder of the skin and mucous membranes resulting in inflammation, itching, and distinctive skin lesions. Lichen planus is a very curious skin condition, the effects of which are localized to the areas of involvement. Lichen planus may cause a small number of skin lesions or less often affect a wide area of the skin and mucous membranes.The disorder has been known to develop after exposure to potential allergens such as medications, dyes, and other chemical substances. Symptoms are increased with emotional stress, possibly because of changes in immune system during stress.... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

10. Lichen Nitidus Treatment - Information on Lichen Nitidus
November 28, 2007

Lichen nitidus is a rare benign chronic papular lesion of unknown etiology. It was originally regarded as a variant of lichen planus but it is now considered a distinct entity. Lichen nitidus is a relatively rare, chronic skin eruption. Lichen nitidus may affect anyone, but typically develops in children and young adults. Lichen nitidus is a benign disease with no associated mortality or complications. The cause of lichen nitidus is unknown. It consists of tiny, skin-colored bumps (papules) that often appear in clusters on the surface of your skin, especially on the arms and legs. Even wi... (read more)

Author: Francis Adam

11. Lichen planus and Homeopathy
October 09, 2007

Lichen planus is a fairly uncommon skin disorder. There is no known cause for this condition and there is no cure. It is a theory that an immune disorder caused by an infection or allergic reaction to certain medicines causes the inflammatory cells to mistake skin cells for foreign cells and it attacks them. Thus leaving lesions on the skin. The lesions that are left by Lichen planus often appear on the insides of wrists, on the ankles, on the front of the legs and the lower back and neck. Less often they appear on the gentiles and in the mouth. The outbreaks can last for months or even years ... (read more)

Author: Robert Mize

12. Lichen Planus - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Methods
September 16, 2007

Lichen planus is a relatively common skin disease that comes in episodes lasting months to years. It appears as purple or reddish-purple bumps on the skin. The bumps have flat tops and are uneven in shape. It is most commonly found on the flexor surfaces of the upper extremities, on the genitalia, and on the mucous membranes. LP is most likely an immunologically mediated reaction. Skin LP affects men and women equally, but oral LP affects women twice as often as men. LP occurs most frequently in middle-aged adults. The cause of LP is not known. Lichen planus can appear on any area of the skin.... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

13. Lichen Nitidus - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Methods
September 16, 2007

Lichen nitidus is a relatively rare, chronic skin eruption. Lichen nitidus is characterized clinically by asymptomatic, flat-topped, skin-colored micropapules. Lichen nitidus may affect anyone, but typically develops in children and young adults. Lichen nitidus is a benign disease with no associated mortality or complications. The cause of lichen nitidus is unknown. It consists of tiny, skin-colored bumps (papules) that often appear in clusters on the surface of your skin, especially on the arms and legs. Even without treatment, lichen nitidus usually disappears over time. The papule of lichen... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

14. Removing Moss And Algae From Roofs
February 22, 2007

Removing Moss And Algae From ROOFS Perhaps, like many people around the world, you have moss or algae growth on the roof of your house. This can occur on most common roofing materials: asphalt, cedar shakes, concrete tiles, etc., and will shorten the life of your roof. People with moss or algae growth on their roofs tend to live in areas with higher than normal rainfall and humidity levels. Lichen spores are broadcast across roofs with even a light wind, and the spores will grow and develop into mature moss clump formations. In the Northern hemisphere, Moss grows mo... (read more)

Author: Jonathan Harwood

15. Copper Canyon
March 13, 2006

Sierra Tarahumara, popularly known as Copper Canyon is situated in Mexico. The area is a favorite destination among those seeking an adventurous vacation. Copper Canyon is one of the six gorges in the area. Although the name suggests that the gorge might have some relevance to copper mining, this is not the case. The name is derived from the copper and green lichen covering the canyon. Copper Canyon has two climatic zones. The region features an alpine climate at the top and a subtropical climate at the lower levels. Winters are cold with frequent snowstorms at the higher altitudes. Summers ar... (read more)

Author: Jennifer Bailey

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