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Search Results - Pharmacology

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Pharmacology (from Greek f??µa???, pharmakon, "drug"; and -????a, -logia) is the study of drug action.[1] More specifically it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and exogenous chemicals that alter normal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy, which is the name used for a profession, though in common usage the two terms are confused at times. Pharmacology deals with how drugs interact within biological systems to affect function. It is the study of drugs, of the body's reaction to drugs, the sources of drugs, their nature, and their properties. In contrast, pharmacy is a medical science concerned with the safe and effective use of medicines.

The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas.[2] Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period.[3] Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues.[4] The first pharmacology department was set up by Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.[3]

Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts.[5]

Pharmacology as a chemical science is practiced by pharmacologists. Subdisciplines include

Showing 1 to 19 of 19 Articles matching 'Pharmacology' in related articles.
Pages: 1

1. Central Nervous Depressants
November 14, 2008

CNS depressants slow normal brain function. In higher doses, some CNS depressants can become general anesthetics. Tranquilizers and sedatives are examples of CNS depressants. CNS depressants can be divided into two groups, based on their chemistry and pharmacology. Barbiturates, such as mephobarbital (Mebaral) and pentobarbitalsodium (Nembutal), which are used to treat anxiety, tension, and sleep disorders. Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide HCl (Librium), and alprazolam (Xanax), which can be prescribed to treat anxiety, acute stress reactions, and panic attacks... (read more)

Author: Jonas Smith

2. AIDS: A History of Treatment Modalities
August 15, 2008

By Richard René Silvin, Author of Walking the Rainbow The recent XVII International AIDS Conference, which ended on August 8 in Mexico City, addressed new medications that fortunate Americans have at their disposal. Indeed, medicine and pharmacology have come a long way since 1983 when concerned representatives from thirty nations met at the World Health Organization headquarters in Genera, Switzerland. That meeting was the precursor to what would eventually become the International AIDS Conferences, the first of which took place two years later in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1983, the discussi... (read more)

Author: FSB Authors

3. Pharmacy Career Trends
August 04, 2008

Careers in Pharmacology, Pharmacy- Career Outlook, Pharmacology Employment 2008, Pharmacology Career Report 2008, Pharmacists- In High Demand, Pharmacists- A Growing Demand. Pharmacologists are in serious demand to aid the bulginghealth care sector. Salary.com states that the majority of pharmacists earn between $98,000-$109,000. The top paid positions are on the west coast of the United States. Over 41% of pharmacy positions are held by professionals with a PhD, JD, or MD.. Over 25% of the companies have fewer than 25 employees and nearly 16% of the companies have over 15,000 employee... (read more)

Author: Carolyn Folkes

4. usmle mbbs tuitions hyderabad
June 10, 2008

MEDICAL TUITIONS Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash A recent article lamented the growth of private coaching classes and medical tuitions (1). The world has changed considerably since the years of our fathers and grandfathers. Old paradigms and situations no longer necessarily work or hold true. In this context, the concept of medical tuitions needs to be examined with all its socio- economic ramifications. Why do students go for tuitions? There are several reasons. The student wants to get a high score or a distinction. The student wants to pass. ... (read more)

Author: BHANUPRAKASH KULKARNI

5. Nature's Gift of Health:
March 26, 2008

For all the billions of dollars that companies and government spend on the development of new drugs and supplements it is always surprising how natural agents which have been used for thousands of years to treat various ailments and diseases are often rejected by the professionals of modern medicine and pharmacology. One natural product which these professionals have been overlooking is the velvet of the various species of deer which has been used in ancient Asian medicines for well over 2,000 years. The velvet of the deer which is ingested in various forms (powder, tablet, sliced etc…) has be... (read more)

Author: derek lepage

6. Veeda CR installs India's first ever Clinical Pharmacology Unit for renal impaired patients
January 22, 2008

Veeda CR installs India's first ever Clinical Pharmacology Unit for renal impaired patients. Dinsha Patel & Nlllma Kshirsagar inaugurated the Unit at Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Gujarat Nadiad, January 22, 2008: VEEDA CR, India's fastest growing Clinical Research Organisation (CRO), today opened it's new Clinical Pharmacology Unit (CPU) at Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital (MPUH), Nadiad, Gujarat. The unit was inaugurated by Mr. Dinsha J. Patel, Minister of State for Petroleum & Natural Gas & Dr. Nilima Kshirsagar (Director Professor, Infectious Diseases & Interdisciplinar... (read more)

Author: Paresh K

7. Medications for Chronic Pain Relief
January 12, 2008

Those suffering with chronic pain have many options when it comes to getting help. Modern medicine and pharmacology have virtually removed the need to live with pain and physicians can now prescribe a wide variety of treatment options. Whether you are suffering with chronic back, neck, muscle and joint pain or even migraines, there are several medications can be used safely to manage chronic pain. Below is a brief introduction to some of the most common pain medications and the conditions they are most often prescribed for. Tramadol (Ultram) Tramadol is most commonly marketed in the ... (read more)

Author: robert paulson

8. Going for a Master's Degree? Choose Carefully
November 05, 2007

As if more evidence of the growing trend toward postgraduate education was needed, a recent study by the Anders-Clifton Group noted that the percentage of published job offerings requiring a master’s degree or above has increased by twenty percent over the last five years. For many students, the issue isn’t whether to pursue a master’s degree, but in which field. Business, technology, health care and the pharmacology are all safe bets considering their projected track records in the current climate, but what about students who have undergraduate educations outside of one of these staples? ... (read more)

Author: Shay Rosen

9. Types of Chinese Herbal Products
September 21, 2007

Chinese herbal products have been around and in use for centuries. According to ancient Chinese history, the first herbalist was Shennong. Shennong is considered to be a mythical person who supposedly tasted many herbs and passed his knowledge onto of both medicinal and poisonous plants onto the people of the land. From Shennong, the first Chinese book on pharmacology, the Shennong Emperor's Classic of Materia Medica , lists over 365 medicines of which 252 are herbs. This book dates back all the way to the first century. Needless to say, these products have been used for generation... (read more)

Author: Mike Selvon

10. Jim Oschman, Ph.D. ONDAMED and Energy Medicine Anti-Aging Conference
August 03, 2007

I would like to describe why I am optimistic about the future of medicine in general and anti-aging medicine in particular. My optimism is due to the growing popularity and effectiveness of energetic approaches to medicine. Western biomedicine has held back in looking at life from the energetic perspective because the predominant focus has been on chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. From my perspective, chemistry is one of many successful approaches to life and health. Energy medicine is filling in many of the previously unexplored or unknown areas in the puzzle of life and healing, and ... (read more)

Author: Webmaster Webmaster

11. Depression symptoms
July 29, 2007

Jim Oschman, Ph.D. ONDAMED and Energy Medicine Anti-Aging Conference I would like to describe why I am optimistic about the future of medicine in general and anti-aging medicine in particular. My optimism is due to the growing popularity and effectiveness of energetic approaches to medicine. Western biomedicine has held back in looking at life from the energetic perspective because the predominant focus has been on chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology. From my perspective, chemistry is one of many successful approaches to life and health. Energy medicine is filling in many of the pr... (read more)

Author: Webmaster Webmaster

12. Nurse Transitions Into Pharmaceutical Sales - Medical Sales Jobs For Nurses
June 03, 2007

If you are a nurse making a career change into pharmaceutical sales or medical sales, there will be some transitions that you will have to go through before settling down in your new occupation. Fortunately, the medical science part of pharmaceutical sales will be quite easy for you since you already know the anatomy and physiology required. Any pharmacology and specific product knowledge will be covered in your company’s training program. The actual selling skills will be new to you but assuming that you were hired because of your excellent communications skills in addition to your clini... (read more)

Author: Clint Leung

13. Pain Killers May Kill Benefits of HRT's
May 23, 2007

Certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers have been found to reduce the effectiveness that a woman’s heart receives from hormone replacement therapy. The studies author however, encourages women to stay on their regular medication regime until findings are more confirmed. The senior author Dr. Garret A. FitzGerald, a professor of medicine and pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics said, “This isn't a message that women who happen to be taking hormone replacement therapy and NSAIDs [nonsteroidal anti-inflammato... (read more)

Author: Joshua Daly

14. How Drug Reps Can Become Respectable
March 21, 2007

Throughout my entire pharmaceutical career as a drug rep as well as a manager, I’ve observed how some drug reps have been regarded by medical professionals as respectable while other drug reps were treated as if they were just annoying sales people. The main thing that separates those drug reps that doctors, pharmacists and nurses respect from all the others is the knowledge the seasoned sales pros are able to communicate. The super drug reps know their stuff inside out including the pharmacology of their products, the medical aspects and the clinical studies that involve the therapeutic... (read more)

Author: Clint Leung

15. Glucosamine - Medicinal Uses, Interactions, Side Effects, Dosage
February 26, 2007

Glucosamine Glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy beta-D-glucopyranose) is a substrate for the production of articular cartilage and is present in most human tissue. Commercial products are prepared from the shells of crabs and other crustaceans. Uses and Benefits: Glucosamine is commonly employed for musculoskeletal and other types of chronic pain. It has been studied primarily for pain due to osteoarthritis. Pharmacology: Endogenous glucosamine is used to produce pycosaminoglycans and other proteoglycans within articular cartilage. In osteoarthritis, the rate of production of new cartilage i... (read more)

Author: Peter Thomas

16. Tea Tree Oil - Medicinal Uses, Interactions, Side Effects, Dosage
February 26, 2007

Tea Tree Oil Tea tree oil, or melaleuca oil, is an essential oil from the leaves of Melaleuca altemifolia, a tree native to Australia. Uses and Benefits: Tea tree oil is primarily used as a topical anti-infective. It is found in facial care products to treat or prevent acne, mouthwashes and toothpaste, and skin and nail care products to treat or prevent fungal infections. Pharmacology: Components of the essential oil are numerous; the primary antimicrobial constituents are terpinen-4-ol, 1-8-cine­ole, and alpha-terpineol. Antimicrobial activity has been demon rated in vitro again... (read more)

Author: Steve Mathew

17. Melatonin - Medicinal Uses, Interactions, Side Effects, Dosage
February 23, 2007

Melatonin Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is an endogenous indolamine hormone that is released by the pineal gland in significant quantities in a circadian pattern. Uses and Benefits: Melatonin is most often used for insomnia and jet lag. It is also used by night-shift workers and for blind entrainment (to regulate sleep patterns in those who are blind). It has been researched as an oral contraceptive, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. Pharmacology: Regulation of melatonin secretion corresponds to the habitual sleep-wake hours in humans. Thus, melatonin secretion increases du... (read more)

Author: Steve Mathew

18. Glucosamine - Medicinal Uses, Interactions, Side Effects, Dosage
February 22, 2007

Glucosamine Glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy beta-D-glucopyranose) is a substrate for the production of articular cartilage and is present in most human tissue. Commercial products are prepared from the shells of crabs and other crustaceans. Uses and Benefits: Glucosamine is commonly employed for musculoskeletal and other types of chronic pain. It has been studied primarily for pain due to osteoarthritis. Pharmacology: Endogenous glucosamine is used to produce pycosaminoglycans and other proteoglycans within articular cartilage. In osteoarthritis, the rate of production of new cartilage i... (read more)

Author: Steve Mathew

19. Pharmaceutical Sales as a Great Combination of Business and Science
February 02, 2007

Let’s say that you have a science background but want to get more into the business world with dollars and cents rather than microscopes and labs. Or let’s say you have a business background but are completely fascinated with the science, particularly the medical healthcare world. Well, a great way to combine science and business is to work as a pharmaceutical sales representative. First, the science part of this interesting job. Pharmaceutical sales reps will have to understand physiology, anatomy and pharmacology. They also have to know how to go through scientific medical papers an... (read more)

Author: Clint Leung

Pages: 1


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