The
Philippine–American War (1899 - 1902) was an armed military conflict between the
United States and the
Philippines, which arose from the
First Philippine Republic struggle against U.S.
annexation of the Islands. This conflict is also known as the Philippine Insurrection.
The war officially ended on July 4, 1902.[4][5] However, remnants of the Philippine Army, and other resistance groups continued hostilities against American rule until 1913.[6][5]
On July 7, 1892 Andrés Bonifacio, a warehouseman and clerk from Manila, and a few others met secretly in a house in Tondo and decided to form the Katipunan, a secret organization which aimed to gain independence from Spanish colonial rule by armed revolt.[7] The Katipunan spread throughout the provinces, and the Philippine Revolution of 1896 was led by its members.[8][5]
While a charismatic and decisive figure, Bonifacio suffered defeats at the hands of the Spaniards in battles he personally led, including the very first major battle at San Juan del Monte, Manila.[9] Some historians have thus considered him an ineffectual military leader, but others have argued the opposite by virtue of chain of command as other lower-ranking commanders whom he directed were successful.[10]
