Polenta is a dish made from boiled
cornmeal. Although the word is borrowed into
English from
Italian, the dish (under various names) is popular in
Italian,
Savoyard,
Swiss,
Austrian,
Bosnian,
Croatian,
Cuban,
American (where it is called
grits)
Hungarian (where it is called puliszka),
Slovenian,
Serbian,
Romanian (where it is called
mamaliga),
Bulgarian,
Georgian,
Corsican,
Argentine,
Uruguayan,
Brazilian,
Peruvian,
Venezuelan,
Haitian,
Mexican and
Turkish (typically from the Black Sea region, known as Mamalika), and it is a traditional staple food throughout much of
Northern Italy.
Polenta is made with ground yellow or white cornmeal, (ground maize). It can be ground coarsely or finely depending on the region and the texture desired. As it is known today, polenta derives from earlier forms of grain mush (known as puls or pulmentum in Latin or more commonly as gruel or porridge) commonly eaten in Roman times and after. Early forms of polenta were made with such starches as the grain farro and chestnut flour, both of which are still used in small quantity today. When boiled, polenta has a smooth creamy texture due to the presence of starch molecules
Polenta was originally a peasant food. However, since the late 20th century, polenta has become a premium product. Polenta dishes are on the menu in many high-end restaurants, and prepared polenta can be found in supermarkets at high prices. Many current polenta recipes have given new life to an essentially bland and common food, invigorating it with various cheeses or tomato sauces.
Polenta is often cooked in a huge copper pot known in Italian as paiolo. In northern Italy there are many different ways to cook polenta. The most famous Lombard polenta dishes are polenta uncia, polenta concia, polenta e gorgonzola, and missultin e polenta; all are cooked with various cheeses and butter, except the last one, which is cooked with fish from Lake Como. It can also be cooked with porcini mushrooms, rapini, or other vegetables or meats, as in the Venetian polenta e osei, with little birds.