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Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes (pollen grains), which produce the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants. A hard coat covering the pollen grain protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens of the flower to the pistil of the next flower.

Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell containing two nuclei a tube nucleus (that produces the pollen tube) and a generative nucleus (that divides to form the two sperm cells). The group of cells is surrounded by a cellulose cell wall and a thick, tough outer wall made of sporopollenin.

Pollen is produced in the microsporangium (contained in the anther of an angiosperm flower, male cone of a coniferous plant, or male cone of other seed plants). Pollen grains come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and surface markings characteristic of the species (see Electron micrograph at top right). Most, but certainly not all, are spherical. Pollen grains of pines, firs, and spruces are winged. The smallest pollen grain, that of the Forget-me-not (Myosotis spp.), is around 6&_160;µm (0.006&_160; mm) in diameter. Wind-borne pollen grains can be as large as about 90-100 µm.[1] The study of pollen is called palynology and is highly useful in paleoecology, paleontology, archeology, and forensics.

In angiosperms, during flower development the anther is composed of a mass of cells that appear undifferentiated, except for a partially differentiated dermis. As the flower develops, four groups of sporogenous cells form with in the anther, the fertile sporogenous cells are surrounded by layers of sterile cells that grow into the wall of the pollen sac, some of the cells grow into nutritive cells that supply nutrition for the microspores that form by meiotic division from the sporogenous cells. Four haploid microspores are produced from each diploid sporogenous cell called microsporocytes, after meiotic division. After the formation of the four microspores, which are contained by callose walls, the development of the pollen grain walls begins. The callose wall is broken down by an enzyme called callase and the freed pollen grains grow in size and develop their characteristic shape and form a resistant outer wall called the exine and an inner wall called the intine. The exine is made up of a resistant compound called sporopollenin; the intine is made up of cellulose and pectin. The exine is what is preserved in the fossil record.

Showing 1 to 25 of 144 Articles matching 'Pollen' in related articles.
Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Next >>

1. Asthma Medicine
November 17, 2008

Asthma is a condition that can affect ones quality of life. It should therefore be controlled, prevented and relieved once an attack occurs. The condition has no cure. All you need to know is how to manage it. This is by using asthma medicine or avoiding the triggers. Most of the time, the two should be carried out hand in hand. You still get an attack; therefore medication is very important at the onset of an attack. The main triggers of asthma are animals, air pollutants, medicines, sex, house hold dust and mites. Pollen, smoking and weather conditions can also cause an attack. The tri... (read more)

Author: Mercy Maranga

2. Mold Allergy
November 10, 2008

If you have Mold Allergy then you suffer from Allergies Type 1, also called Contact Allergies. Mold spores are in your environment year round. Fresh air contains more mold spores than pollen. The higher the humidity the higher the mold counts. When molds or fungi reproduces it sends tremendous numbers of spores into the air similar to plants releasing pollen into the air for reproductive purposes. Mold spores are microscopic in size and easily become airborne and will travel throughout the central air and heading system. If you are allergic to mold spores then whey come into contact ... (read more)

Author: David Cowley

3. Allergies Type 2
October 30, 2008

Allergies Type 2 is also called antibody-dependent allergy. It is when antibodies combine with healthy cells in the your body and then your immune system attacks the health cells. Type 2 usually start in early childhood and are caused by repeated exposure to high concentration of pollen, dust or mold in the environment. Hyperactive children are at risk of developing this disease. Food and environmental pollutions are the most common cause of allergies type 2. Symptoms include mental confusion, depression, memory loss, personality changes, anxiety, migraine headaches and hyperactivity... (read more)

Author: David Cowley

4. Allergies Type 1
October 30, 2008

Allergies Type 1 is also called contact allergy. It is is when food, mold, animal dander, pollen, or dust can cause an immediate allergy attack. Whey your body responds to the invasion, your body releases histamine from the irritated area such as the skin, nasal and bronchial areas. A person with Allergies Type 1 is burdened with an overprotective immune system and is forever on guard against everyday things that don't bother the rest of us. It might be a cute puppy, a patch of green grass, to something as simple as a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. The hypersensitivity allergic... (read more)

Author: David Cowley

5. Fight Allergies with Vitamins
October 30, 2008

Allergies are abnormal reactions to normally harmless substances. The allergens can be inhaled, swallowed or come into contact with the skin. Allergens that most frequently cause problems are: pollen, mold, dust, foods, animal dander, insect bites, insect spores, viruses and bacteria. Normally the human body learns to defend itself though experience. That is by attacking a foreign substance that has invaded and harming the body by producing antibodies. The best know of these antibodies are called histamines. Some times the immune system mistakenly recognizes a foreign to be harm... (read more)

Author: David Cowley

6. Cocoa Beans are the Super Food of the Future
October 30, 2008

Super foods are defined as food items that can ward off diseases like cancer, heart ailments, cholesterol, and a whole list of others. These foods have high phytonutrient content that can only be good for your health. Any food containing significant amounts of vitamins, antioxidants, dietary fibers, minerals, and enzymes can be regarded as a super food. Among the most common foods that made it to the famed list of super foods are blueberries, bee pollen, aloe vera, salmon, spinach, oats, walnut, apples, and yogurt. There a lot of other fruits, vegetables, and natural food items that made... (read more)

Author: Cristian Stan

7. Electrostatic Air Purifier - What Are The Benefits?
October 27, 2008

Your home, most likely, has particles like pollen, pet dander, viruses, and dirt and dust floating around in your air. Can you beleive that you breathe these in all the time? You can suffer from very serious health problems because of these particles. You can suffer from anything from asthma to viruses and even allergies due to these particles. There is a way to reduce the particles in your air to almost nothing and live in a much cleaner and safer environment. You can use a Electrostatic Air Purifier to clean your air. You might be thinking that you do not want an air purifier bec... (read more)

Author: Benjamin Ehinger

8. Air Purifiers - Improve What You Breathe with Air Purifiers
October 27, 2008

Do you know what is in your air and what you are breathing each day? Do you know how to clean your air without using harmful chemicals that do more damage than good? You might be wondering what you can do to improve the quality of the air in your home. The environment is reaching records for pollen and smog, plus if you have pets the dander can cause you terrible allergies as well. This is why it has become so important to figure out a way to clean the air in your homes so that we can breathe easier. There are many different types of air purifiers that youc an choose from. Some a... (read more)

Author: Benjamin Ehinger

9. Sinus Headaches and Natural Therapies
October 21, 2008

Sinus headaches are usually experienced by people who undergo sinusitis or inflamed sinus. It’s prone to be experienced by people with: • Nasal expansions (nodules) - these are tiny grape-sized cysts found on peak of the nose. This situation leads to a smaller nasal cavity thus forming mucous. • Mold, pollen, smoke, and dust mite allergies • Asthma or hay fever history • A state that affects the way mucus moves inside the upper respiratory system, like cystic fibrosis. • A frail immune system or immunity problems • Constant colds • Facial injuries that affect sinuses like nose d... (read more)

Author: Francis Adam

10. Washing Carpets is Easy and Affordable!
October 16, 2008

Deep cleaning is an ideal way to freshen up a tired-looking carpet, brighten the colour and put a spring back into the pile. It also helps prolong the life of a carpet by removing the ground-in dirt that flattens and damages carpet fibres, which dry vacuuming alone can’t reach. All the family will feel the benefit too, as washing gets rid of unwelcome guests like pollen, bacteria and dust mites that thrive in warm, humid environments and can trigger allergies. As hiring a professional cleaner to deep clean your home can be costly - around £70-£100 for two average sized rooms - it makes more... (read more)

Author: dina jones

11. Information to Know the Distinctions Between Flu-Like Evidences and Allergies
October 16, 2008

If you are experiencing flu-like symptoms, allergies may be the root cause. Too often, common allergies go undiagnosed as people treat the symptoms with cold medications, decongestants and other over-the-counter drugs. So, to gain more understanding about the differences between allergic reactions and a typical flu, read on. All Allergies Aren't Created Equal Just because someone is having an allergic reaction doesn't mean they'll automatically exhibit a runny nose and itchy eyes. In fact, many allergies are symptomatic as stomach pains, aches, a rash or other flu-like indica... (read more)

Author: Trevor Price

12. Symptoms Of Corn Allergy
October 13, 2008

People who have an allergy to corn are most often allergic to other cereal grains as well. Yet, even if they are there are times that they will not experience any symptoms at all like they do when they come into contact with corn. A person can have an allergic reaction when eating raw or cooked corn. Research shows that they may even have reactions when exposed to corn pollen, cornstarch, or grass pollen. Because of this reaction it is important that they do what they can to avoid corn and corn related foods. This is the only way to prevent reactions from affecting them in the future. ... (read more)

Author: Naomi West

13. Top 10 Tips To Keep Allergies Away
October 07, 2008

Usually not life threatening, allergies can be quite a pain when they cause a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling or asthma. And while they can be managed with prescription drugs, you too can do a lot to defend yourself against them. With the help of the following tips you could do away with allergens before they get on to you. 1. Bathe Before Bedtime: Taking a shower before you doze off would ensure to wash away pollens and other allergens caught in your hair and on your skin. 2. Clean House Objects: Remove houseplants and frequently clean shower cur... (read more)

Author: Fred clay

14. Pumpkins and Jack-O-Lanterns
September 29, 2008

Pumpkins and Jack-O-Lanterns Fall is in the air, the nights are getting cooler and there is finally a break from the heat wave. I think this might be my favorite time of year. You are completely comfortable wearing a pair of jeans and a t-shirt. It's not sticky, and you don't have any of that nasty pollen like you do in the spring. Yes, early fall is my favorite time of year. The other good thing about fall is you get one of the best holidays, commercial America has ever invented. Everyone knows what I'm talking about, Halloween! I mean households spend a bunch of money on cand... (read more)

Author: Liz Gilbert

15. Bee Removal As Easy As One, Two, Three!
September 23, 2008

Bees are useful in nature. They serve as instrument to make pollination in plants possible. They transfer from one flower to another and sip nectar, a main component to make honeybee. In this process, pollen grains stick on the bee’s body and transfer to another flower thus developing the pollination cycle. But these useful and hardworking bees can also be harmful to humans especially when disturbed. A swarm of attacking bees is dangerous. If you have bees residing in your backyard, you’re a possible candidate for a bee sting. Bee removal in Central Texas and Bee removal in Georgetown Texa... (read more)

Author: bravo seo

16. Laser scalpel deployed in scar wars
August 22, 2008

Andrew Sifflard refers to his hometown of Teaneck, N.J., as "sinus valley." Sifflard once blamed the area's abundance of allergy-causing pollen and dry winter air for his frequent nosebleeds. Sifflard, however, kept experiencing the problem after his move to Chatham in 1981. The nosebleeds even worsened during recent years. "It was getting to the point where I'd have trouble breathing," he says. "I wouldn't go anyplace without putting cotton balls in my pocket." Sifflard, 73, finally went to his family doctor, who noticed an abnormal mass in his left nostril. The doctor referred... (read more)

Author: Shane Ennerson

17. Candi B ampoules - stimulate apetite and growth
July 17, 2008

When seasons change, or when activity reaches a peak (sports, school, etc.) give your children a food supplement to keep them growing up healthy. CANDI B Ampoules are recommended for children from four years old and are specific dietary supplements which promote appetite and growth, thus allowing children to be always energetic and in excellent shape. CANDI B Ampoules contain Honey, Royal Jelly, Pollen, Propolis (natural antibiotic) and Banana Extracts which are naturally rich in potassium and magnesium. The CANDI B Ampoules’ benefits are derived from the nutritional elements within the bee... (read more)

Author: Ivan S.Pullicino

18. Natural Hayfever Remedies - What Works...!
July 10, 2008

Does the sight of a summer meadow fill you with dread? Or the sound of a lawn mower starting up send you running for cover? Then take a look at these effective natural hayfever remedies - and have a pleasant summer... At this time of year, we all hope that the sun will be shining! If it does, though, it can mean misery for millions of hayfever sufferers around the world. In recent years, hayfever, and allergies to grass and tree pollen, are becoming more and more common – especially amongst children and teenagers. Hayfever can make your life a misery – streaming eyes, itching, r... (read more)

Author: Charlylou Sneddon

19. Learn about Allergic Reaction
July 06, 2008

The response of body to an invader substance is termed as allergic reaction. There can be various kinds of allergies such as dust, pollen, medicines, food, insect, viruses or bacterial allergy. The allergic reaction may be a small skin rash on one spot or all over the body. The reaction happened when immune system of the body is triggered by substances called antigen. The function of immune system is to protect the body from harmful substances like bacteria. When immune system sense kind of harmful substances, it is called hypersensitivity which is also known as allergic reaction. General... (read more)

Author: Robert Bell

20. Bee Pollen Supplement
July 02, 2008

Bee wise! Don’t swat the bee that stings! Recent research is creating quite a buzz revealing three naturally-produced products by bees gifted with healing benefits for many of today’s health concerns. Bee pollen, royal jelly and propolis have been used by the ancient Chinese and in the Middle East for about 3,000 years.What is Bee Pollen?Bee pollen is a flower's male reproductive element. As bees fly from blossom to blossom, retrieving nectar and pollen, bee pollen gets collected on their legs. "Pollen traps" set by beekeepers collect the tiny balls of pollen from the bees' legs.Bee pollen co... (read more)

Author: Kevin Agrawal

21. Similarity of Pollen and Destructive Mental Chatter Part One
June 27, 2008

Similarity of Pollen and Destructive Mental Chatter Part One By Sandy Paris, Author of Dream Reality Book Series Mental chatter is much like pollen saturating the air in the Spring. We can’t see mental chatter or pollen floating through the air. However, just because we can’t see them, doesn’t mean they don’t exist. They have a huge effect on the environment and the human consciousness. When we discover how to connect with our deeper Spirit Self within we gain the freedom to take control of our lives. We become cause instead of the unseen effects that surround us each and every day. ... (read more)

Author: Sandy Paris

22. Nasal Sprays
June 27, 2008

Nasal sprays are small pumps that spray medicine into the nose, and are used for clearing congestion of the nose in case of an allergy or cold. Sprays containing antihistamines are used for allergies, like those caused by pollen or dust. Steroid and decongestant nasal sprays help in ailments like sinus, and saline sprays are used to alleviate irritation and dryness of the nasal cavity. The anti-inflammatory effect of corticosteroid spray helps in case of swelling and inflammation. Many harmful bacteria that cause infection in the body make their entry through nose, so taking proper care of th... (read more)

Author: Rene Moller

23. Immune Herbs
June 25, 2008

If you are continuously falling ill and have an immune system so weak that it falls prey to the lightest pollen-bearing winds, leaving you itchy, you must be desperately looking for an effective remedy. Fortunately, there are a number of wonderful alternatives that you can try, which will not only provide lasting relief but also not wreck your body with side effects. Traditional Chinese Herbs are one of them. Chinese herbs are basically immune herbs and they boost the immune system helping it to withstand the vagaries of the environment. But despite a steady rise in the number of believer... (read more)

Author: Bryan Abel

24. Complete Information on Conjunctivitis
June 19, 2008

Conjunctivitis commonly known pink Eye. It is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. The cause of pink eye is commonly a bacterial or viral infection, an allergic reaction or — in newborns an incompletely opened tear duct. Pinkeye also can be caused by allergies. Some triggers of allergic conjunctivitis include grass, ragweed pollen, animal dander, and dust mites. Sometimes a substance in the environment can irritate the eyes and cause pinkeye; for example, chemicals (such as chlorine and soaps) and air... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

25. More About Hay Fever
June 13, 2008

One of the most common types of allergies is hay fever. This is when the body is allergic to pollen and is typically the worse during the summer months when the flowers are in bloom. However it can start during the spring when the trees start to show there buds. Hay fever signs and symptoms include: headache, runny nose, itchy watery eyes, sneezing and a sore throat. If these symptoms become severe enough you should talk to your doctor. He may be able to recommend over-the-counter allergy medicine. If these don’t work, ask about getting a prescription. In many cases people wo... (read more)

Author: Tim Bock

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