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In physics, temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the higher temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. If no net heat flow occurs between two objects, the objects have the same temperature; otherwise heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object. This is a consequence of the laws of thermodynamics. On the microscopic scale, temperature can be defined as the average energy in each degree of freedom of the particles in a system. Because temperature is a statistical property, a system must contain a large number of particles for temperature to have a useful meaning. For a solid, this energy is found primarily in the vibrations of its atoms about their equilibrium positions. In an ideal monatomic gas, energy is found in the translational motions of the particles; with molecular gases, vibrational and rotational motions also provide thermodynamic degrees of freedom.

Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes. The entire scientific world (these countries included) measures temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the Kelvin scale, which is just the Celsius scale shifted downwards so that 0 K[1]= -273.15 °C, or absolute zero. Many engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and military), also use the kelvin and degrees Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as combustion.

For a system in thermal equilibrium at a constant volume, temperature is thermodynamically defined in terms of its energy (E) and entropy (S) as

Intuitively, temperature is the measurement of how hot or cold something is, although the most immediate way in which we can measure this, by feeling it, is unreliable, resulting in the phenomenon of felt air temperature, which can differ at varying degrees from actual temperature. On the molecular level, temperature is the result of the motion of particles which make up a substance. Temperature increases as the energy of this motion increases. The motion may be the translational motion of the particle, or the internal energy of the particle due to molecular vibration or the excitation of an electron energy level. Although very specialized laboratory equipment is required to directly detect the translational thermal motions, thermal collisions by atoms or molecules with small particles suspended in a fluid produces Brownian motion that can be seen with an ordinary microscope. The thermal motions of atoms are very fast and temperatures close to absolute zero are required to directly observe them. For instance, when scientists at the NIST achieved a record-setting low temperature of 700 nK (1 nK = 10-9 K) in 1994, they used optical lattice laser equipment to adiabatically cool caesium atoms. They then turned off the entrapment lasers and directly measured atom velocities of 7&_160;mm per second in order to calculate their temperature.

Showing 1 to 25 of 500 Articles matching 'Temperature' in related articles.
Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | Next >>

1. Galileo Thermometers - A Must Add to the Collection of Useful Tools in School Laboratories
November 20, 2009

One of the wonderful inventions of technology is Galileo thermometer. Known for their flawless function, Galileo thermometers provide exact measurement of a body’s temperature. A simple but sophisticated tool, it is a must add to the collection of useful instruments in school laboratories. Not only heavy machinery but also delicate equipment is an outstanding outcome of technology. Among the groundbreaking inventions of technology, there are many tools that are simple in look but sophisticated in function. They can easily perform the tasks that people find difficult to accomplish. One of ... (read more)

Author: robert matt

2. Choosing a Commercial Dishwasher
November 20, 2009

When looking for commercial dishwashers for your business, consider the type and amount of dishes you need washed per hour. Obviously if the dishwasher is too small it will be inconvenient. On the other hand, it is important not to buy larger than necessary as it will consume more water and energy than needed. You will also have to decide between high and low temperature dishwashers (the latter sanitize chemically). Types of commercial dishwashers There are many types of commercial dishwashers suited to different purposes and requirements. The most common are undercounter, door type,... (read more)

Author: Mathew Kaspersky

3. The specific qualities of industrial pipe flanges
November 20, 2009

In industries like the petrochemical, gas and oil industries, it is important that the alloys used for the pipe flanges and other fittings meet specific requirements. Depending on their location, and the use to which they will be put, fittings must be strong, and resistant to corrosion, stress, impact, the effects of welding and extremes of pressure and temperature. For example, stainless steel pipe flanges used for undersea pipelines must be resistant to the corrosive effects of salt water, and must not warp or buckle at extreme depths where temperatures are low and pressures high. Oil re... (read more)

Author: Gen Federico

4. Things to be Kept in Mind While Selecting Catering Refrigeration
November 20, 2009

In any catering business it is extremely important to serve fresh food to the clients. Keeping food fresh and at the right temperature cannot be always easy since most catering businesses prepare the food items at least a few hours in advance. With the right kind of catering refrigeration it becomes easy to store the food items at the required temperature, transport it and keep it fresh till the time it needs to be served. There are several different kinds of catering refrigeration units that are available today, with glass displays, bottle coolers and multiple decks. Each of these units ... (read more)

Author: Radha Swami

5. Types of Refrigeration Equipments for Catering Business
November 20, 2009

Establishments like restaurants, hotels, cafes, bars and stores widely make use of commercial refrigeration solutions in order to function smoothly. However, commercial units are not just meant for the use of restaurants, these are also extremely useful for catering business. In a catering business it becomes very important to keep the perishable food items at a cool temperature till the time they are to be served. Without the right kind of unit it becomes impossible to keep the dishes fresh till serving time. Catering refrigeration can be done in various different ways; there are cat... (read more)

Author: Radha Swami

6. The Perfect Diamond
November 20, 2009

There has to be some very authentic conditions for a diamond to be created, very high temperature and pressure. This process is extremely complex and long lasting. If the diamond does not form correctly, flaws and inclusions occur. It has to be said that most diamonds have some flaws and inclusions, though most of these imperfections are not seen under the naked eye, and consequently are not important for the final look of the diamond. Very few natural diamonds have the privilege to be the perfect diamonds. Perfection as always has its high price, and these perfect diamonds are th... (read more)

Author: natasha clancy

7. Cavity Wall Insulation - Low Cost Methods of Insulating Walls
November 20, 2009

Cavity wall insulation is a sure-fire home improvement strategy to attain savings on your heating bills and lower the uses of energy for heating house in the winter. This insulating process makes sure your home is warmer and retains normal room temperature despite cool climate outside your home. Moreover, by choosing the right installation process you can cut down even more without compromising on the effect of laying insulation. Most of the general buildings in the UK built within the period of 1920 to 1989 are made with two layers of walls to allow air passage and ensure rain water doe... (read more)

Author: Jack William

8. BEATING YOUR FACE SWEATING PROBLEM EFFECTIVELY
November 20, 2009

Sweating is a normal mechanism of the body in order to dissipate excess heat and maintain balance. Sweating usually occurs when the surrounding temperature is high, since heat activates the receptors that transmit signals to activate sweating. However, excessive sweating is sweating large amounts of fluid even at normal temperatures. What causes excessive sweating? Medical professionals have argued that it is due to overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. There is a common misconception that this is linked to obesity, weight, ethnicity, gender, and social status. A more elaborate view... (read more)

Author: colin craig

9. The wetsuit has any special effect?
November 20, 2009

The wetsuit leading role to maintain warmth, has the different thickness and the long short sleeves design, coordinates the different diving environment. Generally thinnest from 0.5mm to thick 10mm about. In the tropics or subtropics diving, what is commonly used is 1 to 3mm., in the cool water temperature needs thick 5mm or the above wet clothes. But in the colder water temperature diving possibly must consider that with dives the water drying clothes, but pays attention with dives the water drying clothes to have the different skill, must therefore receive the special curriculum training. ... (read more)

Author: Ricardo Liu

10. The Effects on Define Global Warming
November 20, 2009

The entire operation to Define Global Warming represented very much more tougher project than expected, and many were surprised at how a minuscule alteration of the global warming temperature produced a considerable environmental impact. Several natural chemical elements regulate the lower atmosphere region of the planet, to define global warming all of these must be distinguished and an extent taken of their impact. Science fields of study determined 5 primary groups of natural elements that impact the worldwide temperature in their pursuit to define global warming; Water vapor at 65%, Carbon... (read more)

Author: Danny Fisher

11. Knowing Makes Steaks Taste Best
November 19, 2009

People love to sit down for dinner especially when they know they’re having a piece of goodness from a tender juicy steak. However, achieving such a mouthwatering masterpiece is not easy as pie since there are a lot to consider. You have to know the right cut, temperature, thickness, and method of cooking. And nailing all of these is the best way to cook a steak. Which is the best cut? The best way to cook a steak involves choosing the right steak cut. This means that you have to know what kind of steak would be appropriate for the meal that you’re going to prepare. For instance th... (read more)

Author: Kenny Leones

12. Honey | Why you should not buy this product from the High Street
November 19, 2009

The nutritional and medicinal benefits of raw honey have been understood over the centuries. Honey in its natural state has been found to contain high levels of: * Antioxidants * Nutritional compounds * Antibacterial properties However, commercially available honey found in the high street shops have often undergone some form of process to extend shelf life and improve the image of the product that significantly reduces the natural goodness in honey. For example heating honey to a temperature greater than 40 degrees C makes it easy to pour into jars but irreversibl... (read more)

Author: Keith Penn

13. One More Great Day
November 19, 2009

Yes, it is another great day. Where I am the sun is shining and the temperature is in the 60's. But the greatness of the day doesn't always come from the weather; it usually comes from our attitude. If we begin the day dreary and down the day will probably go that way also. If we expect every thing to be bad, then that is normally how it turns out. We expect failure and we get failure, expect problems we get problems, expect disappointment we get disappointment. It's hard to believe that no matter what we expect that is usually the outcome. Are our thoughts so connected with our lives that we ... (read more)

Author: Duane Hatfield

14. Chi GF1001
November 19, 2009

Farouk CHI Ceramic Flat Iron Model GF-1001Many gals daydream about having healthful, soft, delicate, super-straight hair. There are numerous terriffic hair straightenerson the market and fortunately several of these are practical and convenient to use on a daily basis. But, you must be prudent before investing in a hair straightening device. Cut-price straightening irons do not have temperature controls an presets and the high temperature can cause damage to your hair.A deluxe hair straightening iron needs to have a temperature controller that you can set according to your hair type. A marve... (read more)

Author: Michael Santoro

15. Handmade dog sweaters for any dog breed available online
November 19, 2009

We probably think our dogs are tough and they should not stay in our houses, especially when they are considered a large dog breed. Cold weather is one of the most dangerous times of the year for our dog. One of the most harmful diseases for your dog is dog flu which can be lethal. In order to prevent this you will need to take care of him by maintaining an appropriate temperature at his skin level. Even if you have a Nordic breed dog which is more adapted than other breeds they also need to have protection from the harsh cold weather. As dog owners you are going to be responsible for their ca... (read more)

Author: Paul Alexander

16. Kona Gold Coffee
November 19, 2009

The Kona Gold coffee has been traditionally grown for centuries in small batches with only relying on labor-intensive skill. Kona district is blessed with good quality, volcanic soils, raised ground, ideal temperature and the right amount of rainfall that makes it the perfect environment for planting and growing coffee. The environment in which the coffee is planted is very important as it determines the taste of each coffee’s characteristics. Unlike most of other coffees, Kona Coffee is passionately and carefully handpicked, in order to ensure only the ripest and full flavored ones will... (read more)

Author: Chris Cornell

17. See the characteristic ,when buy a blister packing machine
November 19, 2009

This Auto Blister Packaging MachineBlister Packaging Machine is widely used for capsule, tablet, etc. in pharmaceutical industry, medical apparatus, electron or hardware industry as all kinds of shapes of ALU-ALU, ALU-plastic, paper-plasatic combined sealing packing. CHARACTERISTIC * The electric appliance of this Blister Packaging MachineBlister Packaging Machine adopts PLC to control, temperature module, touch panel to operate, ease of cleaning, can be equipped with cursor device etc as customer require. * Machine-tool track type of casting machine-base, taken these processing li... (read more)

Author: Wendy zong

18. Fertile Days to Conceive - I Want to Get Pregnant Right Now!
November 19, 2009

A normal menstrual cycle is 28 days long. The ovum is released on the 14th day after your period. This is called ovulation. Ovulation happens when a egg is released from the ovary, goes down the fallopian tubes, and is ready to be fertilized. A normal menstrual cycle is 28 days long. The ovum is released on the 14th day after your period. This is called ovulation. Ovulation happens when a egg is released from the ovary, goes down the fallopian tubes, and is ready to be fertilized. The lining of the uterus will get thick to get ready for the fertilized egg. If there is no conception... (read more)

Author: Shannon Spoon

19. Fertile Days to Conceive - Help Me Get Pregnant Right Now!
November 19, 2009

Do you want to know what your most fertile days to conceive are? Have you been trying to get pregnant with no luck at all? As you read this article, I think you will begin to see how you can get pregnant a lot easier than you thought. Tracking Ovulation A woman's monthly cycle is measured on the first day of her menstrual period up until the first day of her next period. Normally, a woman's cycle is 28 to 32 days long. Some women can have much shorter or longer cycles. You can figure out your ovulation by calculating 12 to 16 days from your next expected period. This will help you know wh... (read more)

Author: Shannon Spoon

20. Fertile Days to Conceive - Will I Ever Get Pregnant?
November 19, 2009

Do you want to know your most fertile days to conceive so you can get pregnant quickly? Just picture this for a moment, you pregnant a couple of months from now. Really think about this for a moment, wouldn't it be great if you could get pregnant naturally? In this article, we will go over your most fertile days to conceive and how you can quickly get pregnant. A woman's most fertile days to conceive is a period when a woman can get pregnant quickly. A woman can get pregnant when sperm comes into contact with the ovum. Each month a woman's body discharges through the vagina. This is calle... (read more)

Author: Shannon Spoon

21. Energy Conservation Starts At Home
November 19, 2009

Energy Conservation Starts At Home Saving energy is a good idea for many reasons. It will save you money, it will help out the environment, and it's just the right thing to do. You don't have to be intimidated by the idea of energy conservation. No one is asking you to stop shaving or spend your winters shivering under a blanket. Here is a list of some easy things you can do to cut down on your reliance on your local utility company: 1. Lower the temperature on your water heater. Most water heaters come from the factory with a setting of around 140 F. Most homes will onl... (read more)

Author: Jerry Morey

22. How To Lower Your Home Gas And Power Bill
November 19, 2009

With the economic slump that everybody is now experiencing there are people that are looking into more ways to save money. To save more money it is a great idea to make your home energy efficient. By doing this you will decrease your monthly power bill.To keep your home at a good comfortable temperature insulation is needed. If you have the right insulation put into your home you will see your power bills drop. There are places in your home that should be insulated that you may not have thought of such as floors, ceilings, basement walls, overhangs, and the walls inside. Wherever air is l... (read more)

Author: Shannon House

23. Fertile Days to Conceive - 6 Tips to Help You Get Pregnant!
November 19, 2009

Your most fertile days to conceive are when ovulation occurs. Imagine what it would be like if you could get pregnant in a couple of months? To better know when your most fertile days to conceive are, here are some great tips to help you get pregnant. Your most fertile days to conceive are when ovulation occurs. Imagine what it would be like if you could get pregnant in a couple of months? To better know when your most fertile days to conceive are, here are some great tips to help you get pregnant. 1. Ovulation Predictor Kit - An ovulation predictor kit will help you in figuring out ... (read more)

Author: Shannon Spoon

24. Why You Should Power Your Grow Room For Free With Magnetic Energy
November 19, 2009

No matter what you wish to grow, you are able to run your hydroponics system using magnetic energy. I would like to tell you about all the ways that you are able to benefit from this kind of energy and how it works for those that do not know. This article is all about how to power your grow room for free with magnetic energy. The first and main benefit to using this kind of energy is that it is free, and when you have to pay for electricity to keep the room at a certain temperature, use electric timers and other devices to keep your plants in good condition it could prove costly, this is ... (read more)

Author: Elle Radique

25. THE GIFT DU JOUR
November 19, 2009

Wine is becoming an ever-increasing favorite of many people. With over 1000 different wine varieties, the choices one has seem nearly infinite. Wine tasting parties are very popular and great events to get to know other people. The proper pre-party storage of wine is important to maintain the wine for its maximum enjoyment and that is why an investment in a wine cooler is a good choice. However, the temperature the wine needs to be stored at is not necessarily its proper serving temperature for your party. Additionally, your party guests cannot necessarily readily view wine stored in your... (read more)

Author: Ronald Senn

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