Theodemir or
Theudimer[1] (died 743) was a
Visigothic comes (count) prominent in the southeast of
Baetica (the region around
Murcia[2]) during the last decades of the Visigothic kingdom and for several years after the
Moorish conquest. He ruled seven cities in southeastern Spain, mentioned in the
Treaty of Orihuela that was preserved by the Andalusian historian
Ibn Adarí in the thirteenth century
[3] Orihuela, Valentila (possibly an equivalent for
Valencia),
Alicante,
Mula,
Bigastro, Eyya (probably
Ojós), and
Lorca.
[4]Sometime probably during the joint reign of Egica and Wittiza, a Byzantine fleet raided the coasts of southern Iberia and was driven off by Theudimer. The dating of this event is disputed it may have occurred as part of Leontios' expedition to relieve Carthage, under assault by the Arabs, in 697;[5] perhaps later, around 702;[6] or perhaps late in Wittiza's reign.[7] What is almost universally accepted is that it was an isolated incident connected with other military activities (probably against the Arabs or Berbers) and not an attempt to reestablish the province of Spania, lost in the 620s. As E. A. Thompson states, "We know nothing whatever of the context of this strange event."[6]
After the defeat of king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete in 711 or 712, Theudimer resisted the invading Arabs and Berbers, but he was eventually defeated in pitched battle and made peace with the Muslim emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa.[8] The text of the treaty he signed has been preserved in at least three separate sources, including a fourteenth-century biographical dictionary, and is dated to 5 April 713 (4 Recheb 94 AH).[4] The treaty allowed that Christians who submitted to Muslim rule ("the patronage of God") would be spared their lives and allowed to continue living with their families and practising their Catholic faith in their churches; they were, however, required to pay a tribute per capita and to turn over any enemies of the conquerors to the government.[4] The tribute consisted of one dinar, four measures (or jugfuls) each of wheat, barley, grapejuice, and vinegar, plus two of honey and oil; and half this for slaves.[4] Theudimer retained his land and his local authority.[9][4]
Theudimer later travelled to Baghdad to have his treaty confirmed by the Caliph.[10] However, it is unknown how long this treaty lasted in practice, whether it continued until Theudimer's death (which is recorded in the Chronicle of 754) or after, or was cut short before his death.[11] His prominence in the region is testified by the number of later Gothic nobles in the same region who tried to claim descent from him.[11] The region itself was given the commemorative name Tudmir by the Arabs.[11] Theudimer left a son, Athanagild, who was very wealthy, but whether or not he was his successor is debated amongst scholars.[11]
