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In this articles writer has discussion on preparation books for IAS and civil services exam. The information about the Harappan Civilization comes from the reports of excavations at places like Harappa and Mohenjodaro. The excavations at Harappa began in 1921. Very many Harappan settlements have been located and excavated since then. Famed archaeologists like Sir John Marshall and Sir Mortimer Wheeler have conducted excavations at Harappan settlements. These scholars by carefully studying the material remains have made the relics of the past speak. Since we cannot read the written words we have to draw conclusions on the basis of the study of the art facts used by the Harappan people. By now more than 1000 settlements bearing Harappan material have been discovered. However, most of these settlements have not been excavated. According to one estimate only 3% of the reported Harappan settlements have been excavated. Even at sites where excavation work has been carried out not more than one fifth area has been excavated. This is because excavation involves a very large investment of money and manpower. At present the Governments of India or Pakistan do not have sufficient money to fund these excavations. However, one thing is clear. It is that when we are making generalizations about the Harappan Civilization we have to be extremely cautious. Any new discovery or excavation report can substantially modify our views history about India he Harappans. For example, scholars like Mortimer Wheeler who wrote nearly twenty years ago believed that the Harappan Civilization appeared fully developed in the Indus Valley and it had little in common with the people who lived in these areas in the preceding period. However, a careful analysis of the available materials and new excavation reports have convinced archaeologists that the Harappan Civilization developed over a long period of time in and around the Indus Valley region itself. We have studied the developments in the 'Early Harappan' period in the preceding unit; we find that there was a continuity of population and technical skill between the 'Early Harappan' and Harappan periods. Test series for IAS prelims preparation process of evolution was evident in the agricultural settlements, and basic crafts and the distinct Indus style itself were probably carried over from earlier regional traditions. Scholars generally believe that the Harappa, Ghaggar, Mohenjodaro axis represents the heartland of the Harappan Civilization. Most of the Harappan settlements are located in this region. This area is characterized by certain uniformities. The entire zone is a flat stretch of land having similar subsistence pattern. Snowmelt from the Himalayas and the monsoon rains define its flooding pattern. This would create similar kinds of possibilities for agriculture and pastoralist. The Kachhi plains to the west of the bdus system are in the transitional zone of the Iranian borderlands. It is a flat alluvial outwash located at the foot of the Bolan Pass and the lake Manchar. It is an inhospitable country and except for its periphery is completely dry.
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