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Health science by sgbvdf asga
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Health science |
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Business,Business News,Business Opportunities
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Acquisition of health-related knowledge
Main articles: Life science and Biomedical research
Medical research is basic and applied research conducted to improve the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials, or to develop new treatments (referred to as preclinical research) or to better scale up health care interventions and improve health systems (e.g. health systems research and evidence based health care).
The increased longevity of humans over the past century is due in large part to medical research. Among the major advancements in medicine have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the human genome project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance, the obesity epidemic, and notably, the paucity of knowledge on how to better organize health care delivery.
Application of health-related knowledge (health care)
Main article: Health care
Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including reventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations. The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organization such as the National Health Service in the UK, or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in shared care.
There is a wide range of traditional areas of health care. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, pharmacy, dentistry, clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics), and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, orthoptic care, speech, and respiratory).
Like health science in general, health care includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons.
There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.
Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.
Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics) is also a major field of health sciences.
Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal-originated food (such as milk and meat) and animal husbandry.
Health practices
Conventional Western practices
Athletic training
Clinical laboratory sciences (in vitro diagnostics)
Dentistry
Dietetics
Epidemiology
Evidence-based medicine
Genetic counseling
Medical physics
Medicine
Nursing
Nutrition
Obstetrics, including Midwifery
Occupational therapy
Optometry
Orthoptics
Osteopathic medicine (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below)
Paramedicine
Pharmacy
Physical therapy (physiotherapy)
Prosthetics and Orthotics
Psychology, including Animal, Behavioural, Clinical, Health, Medical, Neuropsychology and others
Psychoanalysis
Psychotherapy, including Cognitive therapy
Public health
Physical education
Speech-Language Pathology
Surgery, including anaesthesiology
Veterinary medicine
Historical western
Further information: Ancient Greek medicine, Medicine in ancient Rome, Byzantine medicine, and Medieval medicine
Blood letting
Heroic medicine
Magnet therapy
Patent medicine
Phrenology
Trepanation
Complementary and alternative medicine
Main articles: Complementary and alternative medicine and Alternative medicine
Alexander Technique
Chiropractic (in some countries: included within Conventional Western practices)
Dorn method
Herbalism
Holistic health
Homeopathy
Hypnosis
Massage therapy
Natural medicine
Naturopathic medicine
Orthomolecular medicine
Osteopathy (Note: Osteopathic medicine as practiced in the USA is listed under traditional western practices above)
New Age or spiritualist
Christian Science
Faith healing
Johrei
Maharishi Vedic Medicine
Reiki
Contemporary themes
Because health science deal with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy and his/her right to be involved in treatment and decision-making. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science. Evidence based health care focuses on integrating research evidence with context and values to better guide policies and practice. An example of initiatives that take this approach to improve public health policy is the Evidence Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet) of the World Health Organization.
History of health science
Main articles: History of biology and History of medicine
The foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support.
See also
Main article: Outline of health science
Academic health science centre
Biomedical engineering
Biomedical informatics
Biomedical research
Biomedical technology
Emergency medical services
Evidence-based medicine
Health care, Acronyms in healthcare
Health economics
History of medicine
List of health sciences topics
Medical Encyclopedia
Medical ethics
Medical informatics
Pharmaceutical industry
Preventive medicine
Public health
Publicly-funded health care
External links and references
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
The US National Library of Medicine
Health Science Researchers, Jobs and Discussions
References
^ World Heath Organization Report. (2000). Why do health systems matter?. WHO.
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Health care
Economics Industry Philosophy Policy Providers Ranking Reform System
Health sciences
Medicine Dentistry Nursing Allied health professions
Settings
Assisted living Clinic Hospital Nursing home
Skills/procedures
Incident report Isolation Report Universal precautions
Equipment
Diagnostic
Vital signs: Blood pressure cuff Stethoscope Thermometer
Other: Ophthalmoscope Otoscope
Medication
Needle Pill organizer Syringe
Toileting
Adult diaper Bedpan Foley catheter Incontinence pad Urinal
Restraint
Chemical restraint Limb restraint Locking clothing Posey vest Straitjacket
Mobility devices
Cane Patient lift Sling lift Walker Wheelchair Motorized wheelchair
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Technology
Applied science
Archaeology Artificial intelligence Ceramic engineering Computing Electronics Energy Energy storage Engineering geology Engineering physics Environmental Engineering Science Environmental technology Fisheries science Materials science and engineering Microtechnology Nanotechnology Nuclear technology Optics Particle physics Zoography
Information
Communication Graphics Information technology Music Speech recognition Systematics Visual technology
Industry
Business informatics Construction Financial engineering Fishing Industrial technology Machinery Manufacturing Mining
Military
Military technology Military technology and equipment Ammunition Bombs Military engineering Weapons engineering Military communications Army engineering maintenance
Domestic
Educational technology Domestic appliances Domestic technology Food technology
Engineering
Aerospace Agricultural Architectural Audio Automotive Biochemical Biological Biomedical BioTech Broadcast Building officials Ceramic Chemical Civil Computer Construction Control Cryogenics Electrical Electronic Engineering technology Enterprise Entertainment Environmental Food Genetic Hydraulics Industrial Materials Mechanical Mechatronics Metallurgical Mining Naval Network Nuclear Ocean Ontology Optical Petroleum Radio Frequency Software Structural Systems Technician Telecommunications Textile Tissue Traffic Transport
Health / safety
Bioinformatics Biomedical Biotechnology Cheminformatics Fire protection engineering Health technologies Medical technology Nutrition Pharmaceuticals Safety engineering Sanitary engineering
Transport
Aerospace Aerospace engineering Automotive engineering Marine engineering Motor vehicles Naval engineering Space technology
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