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1, the logic cage A beautiful bird cage hanging in the room where the most conspicuous place, a few days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy a bird cage on the back. This is the logic cage. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, it will not help but ask you: "Birds do? Is not dead?" When you answer: "I have never kept a Bird. "People will ask:" So, you have to do a cage? "Finally you have two options in the second election, because it is easier to explain than the ending much. Cage logical reason is simple: most of the time is to take the inertia of thinking. So seen in the life and work to develop logical thinking is very important. 2, the broken window effect Psychological research on a phenomenon called "broken window effect", that is, a house if the windows broke, and no one to repair, separated soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if some graffiti is not cleansed, and soon, the walls covered with a mess, unsightly things. A very clean place, people will be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once on the ground with rubbish appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed. This is really a very strange phenomenon. Psychologists study is the "tipping point", how to how dirty the floor, people will think anyway, so dirty, then dirty that it does not matter, how to be a bad situation to what extent, people will give themselves up, let it rot in the end. Any bad thing, if you do not stop off at the beginning, the formation of culture, change can get rid, if the river bank, a small gap is not timely repair, you can collapse the dam, resulting in the loss of millions of times. Crime is actually the result of disorder, the New York City in the 1980s when the rush is really everywhere, every day do not kill, walking in the street in broad daylight to be afraid. Mention the subway, car dirty, dirty words plastered everywhere, sitting on the subway, feel insecure. Although I have not been looted, but the professors have been in broad daylight, struck a supra footwear note Sap, blind, from the end of his research career, so I talk about Tiger color for many years, not alone to New York. New York city and the city recently raised a lot of reputation, I am quite surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, and to push. So when supra shoes I went out to meet, met a criminologist, immediately to him for advice, the original New York City is the last book with a broken window effect in terms of the theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which it is not easy to crime, then Hyde Bu Dao slowly return to order. Although this approach was criticized as being slow, the "ship to be sunk still wash the deck," but New York City subway cars or from the maintenance of a clean start, and do not buy tickets white people who ride with handcuffs row into a standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the government's determination to rectify, and found very effective. Police found more people really will not clean criminal cases, also found that grasping Riders rewarding, because each of those seven had a fare evasion was wanted, twenty names have an armed, so the police are willing to Riders seriously grab, which makes criminals not fare evasion, not to go out with weapons, so as not worth the candle, runs the risk. This New York City, from the smallest, the easiest place to start, breaking the crime ring junction (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue. 3, diffusion of responsibility effect At 15:20 on March 13, 1964, outside an apartment in New York before the United States, a man named Juno than the white bar at the end of a young woman on the way home from work between the assassination. When she cried in despair: "Some people want to kill it! Help! Help!" Hear the cries, the nearby residents lit the lamp, opened the window, the attackers ran away. When everything is calm, the killer returned to crime. When she yelled, the nearby residents and opened the light, the attackers then fled. When she has nothing to do, go back to their home upstairs, the killer once again in front of her, killing her on the stairs. In supra footwear the process, even though she cried for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window to watch, but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. This caused a stir in New York society, but also attracted the attention of social psychologists and thinking. supras shoes It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility effect. For the reasons for the formation of diffusion of responsibility effect, psychologists conducted a large number of experiments and surveys, found that: this phenomenon can not just say everyone's callous, or moral turpitude increasing performance. Because on different occasions, acts of assistance that people really are different. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can provide help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, assistance to the victims. If he refused to supra socitey shoes produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires to pay a high psychological cost. And if the presence of so many people, the responsibility for seeking help from the people to share, resulting in fragmentation of responsibility, the responsibility of each person to share very few spectators even with his own sense of responsibility that a less than, resulting in an "I do not save, save by someone else" mentality, resulting in "collective indifference" situation. How to break this situation, this is a psychologist working on an important subject. 4, Parkinson's Law North British historian Goode Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called "Parkinson's Law," the book. In his book, agency personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of the expansion: an incompetent officials, may be three ways, first is the application for resignation, the seat give competent people; second is to allow a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. This first way is absolutely Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way most appropriate. As a result, two mediocre assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they are calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. So on, to form a bloated, overstaffed, mutual wrangling, inefficient leadership system. 5, the halo effect Famous Russian writer Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called "Moscow first beauty" of Natan Li, and married her. Natan Li looks amazing, but puhi Kim Ji different sub-channel. When Pushkin's poem written for each to read to her time. She always said, clutching his ears: "Do not listen! Do not listen!" On the contrary, she always accompany her to the Pushkin play, attend a number of luxury party, dance, Pushkin created this leave, which makes the debt, and finally for her duel to death, so that a literary star fall prematurely. In Pushkin, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect. The so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In daily life, "halo effect" is often quietly influence our perception and evaluation of others. For instance, some elderly individual shortcomings of young people, or supras shoes dress, habits and dislike, they think they must unpromising; some young people a thing about the admiration of friends, will see him everywhere cute, so-called "a cover 100 Jun ugly." The halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological speculation, the error is: First, it is easy to grasp individual characteristics and habits of individual push and general, as Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the face; second It is not intrinsically linked to some personal or physical characteristics associated with, the assertion that such features are bound to have other characteristics; Third, it is good on all that sure that bad on all the negative, which is a dominated by the subjective bias of absolute orientation. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological impact on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of the halo effect. 6, the Hawthorne effect (Hawthorneeffect) A psychological experimenter effect. 1920s and 1930s, U.S. researchers at the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory working conditions, social factors and relations of production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiment, called Hawthorne effect. The first phase of the experiment was started from November 1924 the working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Results regardless of increase or control illumination in the experimental group yields are rising, and constant illumination of the control group yields also increased. In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, these conditions can not see a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the U.S. led by Harvard Professor Mayo, focusing on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit has undergone tremendous changes. Participate in the trial of the workers were placed in special laboratory study, led by their social conditions have changed, been a matter of concern, thus forming a sense of participating in the trial, that he is an important part of the company, so that workers From a social point of view aspects are motivated to promote increased production. This effect tells us that when students or their public attention or attention, learning and communication efficiency will be greatly increased. Therefore, in our daily lives to learn to get along with others, to understand what kind of behavior is accepted by students and teachers and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, full of confidence! 7, learned helplessness experiments The earliest effects of learned helplessness and Ofer Mill Cyril Krugman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. Simply put, many experiments show that trained dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock experimenter added to it. However, if the dogs are not expected (do not know when to come) and can not be cheap supra shoes controlled by electric shock (such as the interruption of electric shock or not does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was a chance to escape electric shock, they also become was unable to escape. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on. The reason why the dog show this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. In other words, they recognize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the shock is terminated under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will recognize their inability to change the external control, and thus learned a sense of helplessness. Person who had learned helplessness, has become a deep despair and sorrow. Therefore, we should study and life in their eyes open a little and see the real events behind the determining factor, not to make our own despair. 8, the witness's memory Witness, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that is his own witness and hear things that supra socitey shoes people speak out honestly. However, psychological research shows that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness. Witness's confidence in their testimony and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is surprising. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs decided to make this conclusion more in-depth study. In order to investigate whether the testimony of the witness something special, they will witness's memory supra shoes and the memory of general knowledge were compared. They allow to be shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. Next day, to answer some of the video in the content of, and asked them to tell their own level of confidence to answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, using the same method, the content of popular literature from the encyclopedia and selected general knowledge questions. The same place as before, Perot fees can be special and Howard Springs also found that the accuracy of the witness on the memories of those confident of their answers were in fact no better than those who do not have confidence greater, but for general knowledge , the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the lack of confidence. People in the general knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to modify their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct answer, subjects can measure themselves. For example, people will know the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know than others, the participants in the memory of events in hair color better or worse. 9, Rosenthal Effect American psychologist Rosenthal, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. cheap supra shoes Them to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of children making a fuss of, "predict the future development of the test", then the experimenter will be considered "excellent development may be" the list of students to inform teachers. In fact, this list is not determined according to test results, but randomly selected. It is based on "authoritative lie" implies teachers to mobilize students on the list of teachers some anticipation. Eight months later, intelligence tests and found again on the list of general improvement in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, it is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the "Rosenthal effect", also known as customary Pygmalion (Pygmalion in Greek mythology the king of Cyprus, he produced the statue of a girl love for his ultimate desire to make this statue into a real person, the two fall in love with). Educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often a positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and their behavior towards students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a positive passion, these students often expect teachers to achieve progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions feel the teacher's "eccentric", will take a negative attitude towards teachers, towards their own learning, to ignore or refuse to listen to the teacher requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally become the bad elements of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the alarm for teachers. 10, false sympathy deviation (falseconsensusbias) We usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote for their favorite number, overestimate their own group's prestige and leadership, and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes have the same preference number of features is called the "false sympathy bias." Some factors that may affect your share of this false bias strength: (1) When an external attribution is stronger than internal attribution; (2) current behavior or events when a person is very important; (3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that time; (4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning are threatened; (5) When it comes to certain positive qualities or individuality; (6) When you and other people as when they are similar.
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