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Line drivers, such as those for RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, and LVDS, constitute a class of integrated circuits that interface two systems or devices over some distance, including point-to point, multidrop, and bus and backplane applications. The need for such devices emerged in the early 1960s as the inherent limitations of sending high-speed signals over long distances laptop battery using standard logic levels became apparent.These extensions offer increased speed, at a cost of increased susceptibility to noise. They are effective and efficient on some backplane applications in 19-inch rack systems. Today they are used not just for digital data transmission but also for control, synchronization and clock signals. In light of the advantages of connecting systems designed and built by different manufacturers, line drivers benefit greatly from the development of industry standards.Today’s physical-layer devices offer low power consumption, low electromagnetic radiation and susceptibility, fast speed, longer-distance coverage and electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness. This article will review the background of many commonly known standardized electrical-level interfaces and describe their relative application merits. Logic circuits such as transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or CMOS can drive output signals on the order of 100 MHz over a few centimeters. One logic family, emitter-coupled logic (ECL)-including such derivatives as positive ECL, low-voltage PECL and negative ECL-is capable of gigahertz speeds and can cover distances on the order of meters. ECL devices are often used for line-driver-type laptop battery applications but are still considered logic families.Families of devices using logic family adaptations with ever narrower input-voltage thresholds, such as backplane-transistor logic. Asus a32-k72 battery Asus a32-m50 battery Asus a32-n61 battery Asus a41-u36 battery
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