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Methods to Protect Indian Monuments by Vicky Smith
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Methods to Protect Indian Monuments |
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Business
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The federal government has primary responsibility for protecting Native American monuments, burial grounds and sacred heritage sites. Federal regulations typically are enforced by the U.S. Park Service. States also have their own regulations, enforced by personnel from their State Historical Protection Offices. Regulations include requiring permits for archaeological investigation; limiting the scope and number of permits issued; and applying statutes against burial desecration. Archaeologists are also becoming more attuned to the need to protect the land, avoid commercial exploitation of sacred sites, and preserve Native American heritage. Regulatory Protection Numerous federal and state laws regulate the use and protection of Native American monuments, heritage sites and sacred grounds. The American Antiquities Act of 1906 provides for general protection for any kind of U.S. cultural or natural resource, including Native American sites. It streamlined the process for establishing a site as a national monument to an administrative action. Previously such determinations required a formal act of Congress and presidential approval. The Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979 strengthened the earlier protections and improved regulatory policies for excavations on federal or Indian lands. Permit Requirements The American Antiquities Act requires permits for any type of archaeological investigations on federal or Indian lands, and limits such permits to established educational or historical bodies with clearly-defined noncommercial goals for their investigations. The goal of requiring such permits, and limiting their issuance, is to protect the sites against destruction or desecration for the purposes of commercial development or personal or political motivation. Most states have a state historical preservation office or similar entity where permits must be obtained. Deterrence Another approach to protecting Native American monuments is deterrence. This refers to the practice of consistently and openly enforcing state and federal criminal laws forbidding certain activities with respect to cultural resources. Permit requirements are part of deterrence. Another element is statutes against the intentional desecration of Indian burial sites. Other laws mandate harsh penalties for damage of monuments, theft of historical relics or artifacts or desecration or abuse of the protected land. Multidisciplinary Educational Programs As emphasis on protecting monuments and sacred sites has increased, a new breed of archaeologists has emerged. They are no longer single-focus professionals; instead, they have completed multidisciplinary studies or degree programs that include archaeology, land management, cultural heritage and Native American history. These "cultural resource management" or "heritage management" professionals bring a holistic approach to the designation, protection, exploitation for educational purposes and determination of future use for Indian monuments, sacred lands or heritage sites. Private Lands More Difficult to Regulate The majority of federal and state laws only protect sites on public or Indian lands. It remains a major challenge to protect and regulate sites located on privately-held land. Protecting and preserving such sites often is subject to the goodwill and voluntary cooperation of the landowner, and little can be done to prevent him from opting for commercial development or personal gain, particularly if the land is in a desirable location or contains valuable commercial resources such as gold, oil or natural gas. Finally, let me have a short conclusion. As a renowned business E-platform of promoting stone industry, our client resource has accounted over 100 thousand spreading more than 100 countries and regions, with a visit volume exceeding 5 million times annually. If you are interested in us and want to consult us freely, you can also see diamond or become a loyal follower of https://twitter.com/stonebtb.
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