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<title> In recent years, the United States, Japan, Europe, the leaders of the developed countries have to express their views in support of hydrogen and fuel cell technology development. In 2003 the former European Union President Romano Prodi announced that the target to the middle of this century, and gradually go to a renewable energy-based, fully integrated hydrogen economy. In 2007, the European Parliament The President issued the EU "on the adoption of regions, cities, SMEs and civil society organizations to establish cooperation between the European Green Hydrogen Economy and the Third Industrial Revolution, a written statement," and proposed in 2025 to form different applications areas (portable, stationary, transportation, etc.) of the hydrogen fuel cell technology, and in all EU Member States to establish a distributed hydrogen infrastructure system.
It is based on hydrogen energy development prospects of the existence of common expectations and the consensus of technical risk in 2003, 15 countries signed an agreement, initiated the establishment of the International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy Program (IPHE), to promote fuel cells, hydrogen production, Hydrogen Storage and standards and regulations in international Dell INSPIRON 8200 Laptop Battery.
To this end, many countries at the national level to form a complete research and development programs. The United States issued the "2030 and beyond, the United States countries in transition to the hydrogen economy vision," and so developed a "national hydrogen energy road map." In 2005, the United States promulgated the "Energy Policy Act", will develop hydrogen and fuel cell technology for the project and its financial provision of the right amount of explicitly written into the law. To date, the United States to promote the formation of a more complete hydrogen energy development, national laws, policies and research planning system to guide the transition of the energy system to hydrogen economy. The EU put forward in 2004, "Towards a European hydrogen energy road map", the Japanese national "new industrial innovation strategy" will focus on promoting fuel cells as a national strategy for the seven major emerging industries in the first, from the national level efforts to promote. China also attaches great importance to fuel cell vehicles such as the development of clean vehicle technologies in the country "energy saving and long-term special plan" and the corresponding ten key energy-saving projects, the "15", one of the major national scientific and technological projects, "electric cars special" will be of fuel cell vehicles as an important aspect.
Governments with the support of major automotive companies have developed fuel cell vehicle research and development programs, General Motors, DaimlerChrysler, Toyota, Honda and other auto companies have developed fuel cell vehicles and investment in pilot operation. Meanwhile, the international energy giant BP, Shell, also established a hydrogen energy research in support of hydrogen energy research and related activities.
Governments and relevant enterprises through the tireless efforts of the fuel cell vehicle technology has made great progress, mainly in the following five aspects:
(1) fuel cell power density continuously improve the development of Canada's Ballard's 2003 fuel cell engine XcellsisHY80 used 902 balls, maximum output power of 68kW, the volume of 220L, the quality of 220kg, the volume and quality of the power density of 309W / L and 309W/kg, has been basically reached the United States Department of Energy's FreedomCAR plan proposed by the 2010 target.
(2) precious metals substantially reduced amount of platinum fuel cell stack usage from about 1990 to about 5mg/cm2 down to 0.5mg/cm2, and is expected to continue to reduce.
(3) The energy conversion efficiency of fuel cell vehicles is expected to continue to improve the consideration "from the mine to the wheel," the overall efficiency, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle "from the well-to-wheel," the overall efficiency of 29%, gasoline engine hybrid electric vehicle Prius overall efficiency of 28%. Fuel cell vehicles in the future the overall efficiency of energy conversion is expected to increase 42%.
(4) fuel cell vehicles marked improvement in the reliability and durability, such as DaimlerChrysler and General Motors Corp. test run showed that the reliability of fuel cell vehicles has significantly improved the company's fuel cell vehicles have been carried out parcel courier services.
(5) decreasing the cost of the fuel cell system by high-volume production, if (an annual output of 1.5 million units) calculated in 2002 the price of the fuel cell engine 275 U.S. dollars / kW, 2006 it had dropped to 110 U.S. dollars / kW.
U.S. Department of Energy's goal is to put forward in 2010 dropped to 45 U.S. dollars / kW, 2015 dropped to 130 U.S. dollars / kW, with the current gasoline price level rather
Although fuel cell technology has made great progress, but compared with the industrial demands a lot of work to be done, mainly for the following five aspects:
(1) The need to further improve the adaptability of fuel cell vehicles in different climatic (eg, high or low temperature region), in different environments (such as high altitude, dust large areas of poor air quality) and different traffic conditions (such as frequent changes in operating conditions or Kai frequent stops working conditions, etc.), the flexibility.
(2) Reliability and durability of current fuel cell stack life of only about 2000h, the current Beijing demonstration fuel cell buses running on an average intact rate of 92%, while diesel vehicles up 99.16 percent; fuel cell vehicle failure rate than Traditional car high, it is necessary to further improve the reliability of fuel cell vehicles and durability.
(3) The total energy efficiency fuel cell stack operating temperature can improve the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells in 2006, has been increased to 90-95 ?, and - once high-temperature membrane (working temperature 120 ? above) successfully developed fuel cell technology There will be a fundamental breakthrough. In addition, a variety of hydrogen production, hydrogen storage of new technologies are also under development.
(4) Cost in 2006 Toyota has developed a new type of proton membrane target price of only 10 U.S. dollars / m2; the more expensive platinum catalyst layer with nano-technology research is under way. In addition, fuel cell components has been developed a variety of specialized technology companies and special parts and components companies, so as to improve the reliability and durability, improve performance and reduce costs to create conditions.
(5) infrastructure supporting the building of IBM THINKPAD X40 Laptop Battery, lack of industrialization is also a need to address the problem. Such as hydrogen refueling station, maintenance, spare parts supply, need to gradually expand and promote, which requires several decades of time.
Hydrogen and fuel cell automobile technology development is a risky strategy of choice, one should not be overlooked and missed with a risk of technological innovation and leap-forward development opportunities. At the same time, fuel cell vehicles for car manufacturers is a strategic high-tech products, automobile manufacturers should further improve the fuel-cell vehicle technology, with a view to grasp the initiative in future market competition.
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