Components
Modern sump pump components in the United States are standardized. They consist of::
A plastic or metal canister forming a sump liner, approximately 2 feet (0.6 m) across and 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 1 m) deep, 15 to 25 US gallons (60 to 100 L);
A sump pump, either 1/3 or 1/2 horsepower (200 or 400 W), either battery or electrically powered (or both);
A set of pipes, typically 1.5 inch (38 mm) PVC, that are routed from the pump, through a check valve, and out of the house;
A check valve allows water to flow up and out through the pipes, so when the pump turns off, the water in the pipes doesn't flow backwards back into the sump;
Backup components
A secondary, typically battery-powered sump pump can operate if the first pump fails. A secondary pump requires the following components in parallel with the above others:
A battery-driven 12 V sump pump with its own water level sensor, piping, and check valve (the pipes usually join after the check valves to prevent reverse flow through the primary when the secondary unit is pumping);
A typical lead-acid battery. It may alternately be a marine deep cycle battery, or special long-life standby battery;
A trickle-charge battery charger. May alternately have a specialized controller to manage, monitor and test that the battery holding a charge.
Alternative sump pump systems can be driven by municipal water pressure. These pumps are similar to backup battery-driven systems with a separate pump, float and check valves.
If the backup sump systems is rarely used, a component failure may not be noticed and the system may fail when needed. Some battery control units test the system periodically and alert on failed electrical components.
A simple battery-powered water alarm can be hung a few inches below the top of the sump well to sound a shrill alarm should the water level rise too high.
Maintenance
Sump tanks and sump pumps must be maintained. Typical recommendations suggest examining equipment every year. Pumps running frequently due to higher water table, water drainage, or weather conditions should be examined more frequently. Sump pumps, being highly mechanical, will fail eventually, which could lead to a flooded basement requiring costly repairs.
When examining a sump pump and cleaning it, dirt, gravel, sand, and other debris should be removed to increase efficiency and extend the life of the pump. These obstructions can also decrease the pump's ability to drain the sump, and can allow the sump to overflow. The check valve can also jam from the debris.
Resources
Ann Cameron Siegal, "The Sump Pump's Fault, or Yours?", Washington Post, August 9, 2008
"Sump Pump Helps Keep Water Out", North Dakota State University Extension Service, June 14, 2005
Thomas Scherer, "Sump Pump Questions", North Dakota State University Extension Service
"Sizing Up a Sump Pump" (pdf), University of Illinois Extension
External
Sump Pump Install Illustration
Sump Pump & Submersible water pump manufacturer
Sump Pump Installation
Sump Pump Supplier
Sump Pump Installer
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