Appearance
The lions are traditionally carved from decorative stone, such as marble and granite or cast in bronze or iron. Because of the high cost of these materials and the labor required to produce them, private use of Imperial guardian lions was traditionally reserved for wealthy or elite families. Indeed, a traditional symbol of a family's wealth or social status was the placement of Imperial guardian lions in front of the family home. However, in modern times less expensive lions, mass produced in concrete and resin, have become available and their use therefore no longer restricted to the elite.
The lions are always presented in pairs, with the male on the left and the female on the right. The male lion has his right paw on a ball, which represents the "Flower of life" The female is essentially identical, but has a single cub under her left paw, representing the cycle of life. Symbolically, the female fu lion protects those dwelling inside, while the male guards the structure. Sometimes the female has her mouth closed, and the male open. This symbolizes the enunciation of the sacred word "om". However, Japanese adaptions state that the male is inhaling, representing life, while the female exhales, representing death. Other styles have both lions with a single large pearl in each of their partially opened mouths. The pearl is carved so that it can roll about in the lion's mouth but sized just large enough so that it can never be removed.
According to feng shui, when facing the entrance the male lion with the globe should be placed on the right with the female on the left.
History
Interestingly, there has never been evidence of lions being indigenous to China; however Asiatic lions were once quite common in neighboring India. These Asiatic lions found in nearby India are the ones depicted in Chinese culture. As Buddhism was spread in China by traveling Buddhist priests and monks from India, they brought with them stories about stone Asiatic or Indian lions guarding the entries to Indian Buddhist temples & monasteries and the palaces of Indian Kings. Chinese sculptors modeled lion statues after native dogs (compare the Chow Chow, Pekingese, Shi Tzu, Shar-Pei, Pug, etc., and closely related dog breeds originating in ancient China called Foo Dogs) for use outside their temples and palaces, as nobody in ancient China had ever seen a real lion before. The mythic version of the animal was known as the Lion of Fo, the word Fo being Chinese for Buddha. The Chinese word for lion is "Shi" which was adopted from their Sanskrit name "Sinh" in the neighboring India.
Lions of Fo are often created in pairs, with the male traditionally sitting on the left playing with a ball (globe) and the female sitting on the right with a cub. They occur in many types of Chinese pottery and in Western imitations.
The Buddhist version of the Lion was originally introduced to Han China as the protector of dharma and these lions have been found in religious art as early as 208 BC. Gradually they were incorporated as guardians of the Chinese Imperial dharm. Lions seemed appropriately regal beasts to guard the emperor's gates and have been used as such since.
The mythic Lion is sometimes associated with feng shui, and are often called Fu Lions. Fu means 'happiness' in Chinese; however, the term "Fu Lion," and its variant Foo Lion, are not used in Chinese. Instead, they are known as Rui Shi () ("auspicious lions") or simply Shi ("lions").
There are various styles of imperial guardian lions reflecting influences from different time periods, imperial dynasties, and regions of China. These styles vary in their artistic detail and adornment as well as in the depiction of the lions from fierce to serene.
It is believed that the Chow Chow breed of Chinese dogs is one of the native dogs used as the original model for the creation of Chinese guardian lions in ancient China when no one had ever seen a real lion before when stories reached China that Buddhist temples and monasteries in India were being guarded by the traditional stone lions found in front of Buddhist temples and palaces in India. Hearing the stories carried there by Buddhist monks traveling from India the Chinese sculptors modeled statues of Fu or Foo lions, the lions of Buddha after these native dogs and created an icon of an animal never before seen in China, the Chinese guardian lions. Chow Chow is a breed of dog that was first developed in Mongolia about 4,000 years ago and was later introduced into China, where it is referred to as Songshi Quan (Pinyin: sngsh qun ), which literally means "puffy-lion dog."
Image gallery
A sitting lion statue, celadon, 11th to 12th century, Song Dynasty.
A stone shi
Female guardian lion with her cub at the Summer Palace, Beijing- late Qing Dynasty, but in the Ming style
Male lion guard of the Ming Dynasty period at the Forbidden City
Cub Detail
Standing lion at the Ming Dynasty Tombs Sacred Walk
Imperial guardian lion outside Ngee Ann City in Singapore
In the above gallery, note that the standing lion (a northern style nian) is wearing ornaments similar to those seen at the top of the article but does not have the shin armor.
See also
Foo Dog, dog breeds originating in China that resemble "Chinese guardian lions" and hence are also called Foo or Fu Dogs or Lion Dogs.
Culture of China
Chinese dragon
Door god
Lion dance, another use of lion imagery in costume and motion.
Shisa similar lion statues on the islands of Okinawa, Japan
Nian to compare with a similar but horned (unicorn) mythical beast
Pixiu to compare with a similar but winged mythical beast
Haetae to compare with similar lion-like statues in Korea
Koma-inu to compare its use in Japanese culture
Chinese mythology
Asiatic lions found in nearby India are the ones depicted in the Chinese culture.
Tibetan Snow Lion
Notes
^ Article Lion of Fo at the Online version of Encyclopdia Britannica.
^ a b Lion of Fo. (2008). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online
^ Where does the Lion come from in ancient Chinese culture? Celebrating with the Lion Dance by B. N. Goswamy, October 6, 2002, The Tribune Newspaper, Chandigarh, India
^ Case, Linda P. (2005). The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health (2nd ed.), p. 23. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0813812542.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chinese lions
World heritage immersive panorama In this immersive panorama from the Imperial Palace Museum, Beijing, your viewpoint will be near a large bronze lion, the female whose male counterpart's image is in the gallery above, at the Gate of Supreme Harmony.
A webpage with pictures of a variety of Chinese stone lions.
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