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Symptoms and signs Patients typically complain of muscle stiffness that can continue to focal weakness. This muscle stiffness cannot be walked-off, in contrast to myotonia congenita. These symptoms are increased (and sometimes induced) in cold environments. For example, some patients have reported that eating ice cream leads to a stiffening of the throat. For other patients, exercise consistently induces symptoms of myotonia and/or weakness. Typical presentations of this are during squating or repetitive fist clenching. Some patients also indicate that specific foods are able to induce symptoms of paramyotonia congenita. Isolated cases have reported that carrots and watermelon are able to induce these symptoms. The canonical definition of this disorder precludes permanent weakness in the definition of this disorder. In practice, however, this has not been strictly adhered to in the literature. Diagnosis Diagnosis of paramyotonia congenita is made upon evaluation of patient symptoms and case history. Myotonia must increase with exercise/movement and usually must worsen in cold temperatures. Patients that present with permanent weakness are normally not characterized as having PC. Electromyography may be used to distinguish between paramyotonia congenita and myotonia congenita., Clinicians may also attempt to provoke episodes or myotonia and weakness/paralysis in patients in order to determine whether the patient has PC, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, or one of the potassium-aggravated myotonias. Genomic sequencing of the SCN4A gene is the definitive diagnostic determinant. Pathophysiology Paramyotonia congenita (as well as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and the potassium-aggravated myotonias) is caused by mutations in a sodium channel, SCN4A. The phenotype of patients with these mutations is indicated in Table 1. These mutations affect fast inactivation of the encoded sodium channel. There are also indications that some mutations lead to altered activation and deactivation. The result of these alterations in channel kinetics is that there is prolonged inward (depolarizing) current following muscle excitation. There is also the introduction of a indow current due to changes in the voltage sensitivity of the channel kinetics. These lead to a general increase in cellular excitability, as shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Theoretical simulation of a muscle membrane potential in response to 150ms depolarizing pulse of -45pA. (A) Normal muscle produces only a single action potential due to such stimulus. This is due to inactivation of sodium channels, preventing their further activation even during depolarization. (B) Myotonic muscle, however, is hyperexcitable and able to produce action potentials for the duration of the stimulus pulse. This model adapted from Cannon, 1993 . There has been one study of a large number of patients with paramyotonia congenita. Of 26 kindreds, it found that 17 (71%) had a mutation in SCN4A while 6 (29%) had no known mutation. There is no large difference between these two groups except that patients with no known mutation have attacks precipitated less by cold but more by hunger, are much more likely to have normal muscle biopsies, and show less decreased compound muscle action potentials when compared to patients with known mutations. Table 1. Summary of mutations found in patients diagnosed with paramyotonia congenita and their resulting phenotypes Mutation Region Myotonia Weakness References Cold Exercise/ Activity Potassium Cold Exercise/ Activity Potassium R672C D2S4 ? ? ? ? ? ? I693T D2S4-S5 N ? ? Y Y Y T704M* D2S5 Y ? ? Y Y Y ,,, S804F** D2S6 Y Y Y ? Y N A1152D D3S4-S5 Y ? ? ? ? ? A1156T* D3S4-S5 Y ? ? ? Y ? , V1293I D3S4 Y Y N ? ? N G1306V** D3-4 Y Y Y ? ? Y , T1313A D3-4 Y Y N Y Y N T1313M D3-4 Y Y N Y Y**** N , M1360V* D4S1 ? ? ? Y Y ? M1370V* D4S1 Y Y N N N Y L1433R D4S3 Y Y Y ? Y***** N R1448C D4S4 Y Y N N Y N ,,, R1448H D4S4 Y Y Y Y Y ? ,,, R1448P D4S4 Y Y ? Y ? N R1448S D4S4 Y Y N ? Y N R1456E D4S4 Y Y N N N N V1458F*** D4S4 ? ? ? ? ? ? F1473S*** D4S4-S5 ? ? ? ? ? ? M1592V* D4S6 Y Y Y Y Y Y ,,,,,, E1702K C-term ? ? N ? ? N F1795I C-term Y ? ? ? ? ? * ** *** **** ***** Symptoms of both PC and hyperKPP (Periodica paralytica paramyotonica) Also diagnosed as a Potassium-aggravated myotonia Original case reports unpublished. When exercised in a cold environment After muscles were cooled This table was adapted from Vicart et al., 2005. "Cold" refers to symptoms either occurring or significantly worsening with cold temperatures. Likewise, "Exercise/Activity" refers to symptom onset or severity worsening with exercise and/or more general movement like hand clenching. "Potassium" refers to ingestion of food high in potassium or other disorders which are known to increase serum potassium levels. Mutation region nomenclature is: domain number (e.g., D1) followed by segment number (e.g., S4). Thus, D2S3 indicates that the mutation is in the 3rd membrane spanning loop of the 2nd domain. Some mutations occur between segments and are denoted similarly (e.g., D4S4-S5 occurs between the 4th and 5th segments of the 4th domain). Other mutations are located between domains and are denoted DX-Y where X and Y are domain numbers. C-term refers to the carboxy-terminus. Treatment/Management Some patients do not require treatment to manage the symptoms of paramyotonia congenita. Others, however, require treatment for their muscle stiffness and often find mexiletine to be helpful. Others have found acetazolamide to be helpful as well. Avoidance of myotonia triggering events is also an effective method of mytonia prevention. Epidemiology Paramyotonia congenita is considered an extremely rare disorder, though little epidemiological work has been done. Prevalence is generally higher in European derived populations and lower among Asians. Epidemiological estimates have been provided for the German population. Here, it was estimated that the prevalence of PC is between 1:350,000 (0.00028%) and 1:180,000 (0.00056%). It should be noted, however, that the German population of patients with PC is not uniformly distributed across the country. Many individuals with PC herald from the Ravensberg area in North-West Germany, where a founder effect is seems to be responsible for most cases. The prevalence here is estimated at 1:6000 or 0.017%. History Originally thought to be separate from hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and the sodium channel myotonias, there is now considerable disagreement as to whether these disorders represent separate entities or overlapping phenotypes of a complex disorder spectrum. External links Paramyotonia congenita FAQ at the Periodic Paralysis News Desk. The site also hosts a mailing list for patients with the disorder and medical professionals interested in it. Fact page from the Muscular Dystrophy Association Notes Lehmann-Horn F, Rdel R, Ricker K (1993). "Non-dystrophic myotonias and periodic paralyses. A European Neuromuscular Center Workshop held 4-6 October 1992, Ulm, Germany.". Neuromuscul Disord 3 (2): 1618. doi:10.1016/0960-8966(93)90009-9. PMID 7689382. Cannon S (2006). "Pathomechanisms in channelopathies of skeletal muscle and brain.". Annu Rev Neurosci 29: 387415. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112815. PMID 16776591. References ^ Facts About Myopathies MDA Publications ^ Eulenburg A (1886) ber eine familire durch 6 Generationen verfolgbare Form kongenitaler Paramyotonie. Neurol. Zentralbl. 12:265-72. ^ a b de Silva S, Kuncl R, Griffin J, Cornblath D, Chavoustie S (1990). "Paramyotonia congenita or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis? Clinical and electrophysiological features of each entity in one family.". Muscle Nerve 13 (1): 216. doi:10.1002/mus.880130106. PMID 2325698. ^ Subramony S, Malhotra C, Mishra S (1983). "Distinguishing paramyotonia congenita and myotonia congenita by electromyography.". Muscle Nerve 6 (5): 3749. doi:10.1002/mus.880060506. PMID 6888415. ^ Streib E (1984). "Evoked response testing in myotonic syndromes.". Muscle Nerve 7 (7): 5902. PMID 6544373. ^ Cannon S, Brown R, Corey D (1993). "Theoretical reconstruction of myotonia and paralysis caused by incomplete inactivation of sodium channels.". Biophys J 65 (1): 27088. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81045-2. PMID 8396455. ^ a b c Miller T, Dias da Silva M, Miller H, Kwiecinski H, Mendell J, Tawil R, McManis P, Griggs R, Angelini C, Servidei S, Petajan J, Dalakas M, Ranum L, Fu Y, Ptcek L (2004). "Correlating phenotype and genotype in the periodic paralyses.". Neurology 63 (9): 164755. 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"Severe infantile hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis and paramyotonia congenita: broadening the clinical spectrum associated with the T704M mutation in SCN4A.". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 (9): 133941. doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.9.1339. PMID 12933953. ^ a b c d Ptek L, Tawil R, Griggs R, Meola G, McManis P, Barohn R, Mendell J, Harris C, Spitzer R, Santiago F (1994). "Sodium channel mutations in acetazolamide-responsive myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.". Neurology 44 (8): 15003. PMID 8058156. ^ a b McClatchey A, McKenna-Yasek D, Cros D, Worthen H, Kuncl R, DeSilva S, Cornblath D, Gusella J, Brown R (1992). "Novel mutations in families with unusual and variable disorders of the skeletal muscle sodium channel.". Nat Genet 2 (2): 14852. doi:10.1038/ng1092-148. PMID 1338909. ^ Bouhours M, Luce S, Sternberg D, Willer J, Fontaine B, Tabti N (2005). "A1152D mutation of the Na+ channel causes paramyotonia congenita and emphasizes the role of DIII/S4-S5 linker in fast inactivation.". J Physiol 565 (Pt 2): 41527. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.081018. PMID 15790667. ^ a b McClatchey A, Van den Bergh P, Pericak-Vance M, Raskind W, Verellen C, McKenna-Yasek D, Rao K, Haines J, Bird T, Brown R (1992). "Temperature-sensitive mutations in the III-IV cytoplasmic loop region of the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene in paramyotonia congenita.". Cell 68 (4): 76974. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90151-2. PMID 1310898. ^ Lerche H, Heine R, Pika U, George A, Mitrovic N, Browatzki M, Weiss T, Rivet-Bastide M, Franke C, Lomonaco M. "Human sodium channel myotonia: slowed channel inactivation due to substitutions for a glycine within the III-IV linker.". J Physiol 470: 1322. PMID 8308722. ^ Bouhours M, Sternberg D, Davoine C, Ferrer X, Willer J, Fontaine B, Tabti N (2004). "Functional characterization and cold sensitivity of T1313A, a new mutation of the skeletal muscle sodium channel causing paramyotonia congenita in humans.". J Physiol 554 (Pt 3): 63547. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.053082. PMID 14617673. ^ a b c d Ptacek L, Gouw L, Kwieciski H, McManis P, Mendell J, Barohn R, George A, Barchi R, Robertson M, Leppert M (1993). "Sodium channel mutations in paramyotonia congenita and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.". Ann Neurol 33 (3): 3007. doi:10.1002/ana.410330312. PMID 8388676. ^ Wagner S, Lerche H, Mitrovic N, Heine R, George A, Lehmann-Horn F (1997). "A novel sodium channel mutation causing a hyperkalemic paralytic and paramyotonic syndrome with variable clinical expressivity.". Neurology 49 (4): 101825. PMID 9339683. ^ Okuda S, Kanda F, Nishimoto K, Sasaki R, Chihara K (2001). "Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and paramyotonia congenita--a novel sodium channel mutation.". J Neurol 248 (11): 10034. doi:10.1007/s004150170059. PMID 11757950. ^ a b Ptcek L, George A, Barchi R, Griggs R, Riggs J, Robertson M, Leppert M (1992). "Mutations in an S4 segment of the adult skeletal muscle sodium channel cause paramyotonia congenita.". Neuron 8 (5): 8917. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90203-P. PMID 1316765. ^ a b c d Meyer-Kleine C, Otto M, Zoll B, Koch M (1994). "Molecular and genetic characterization of German families with paramyotonia congenita and demonstration of founder effect in the Ravensberg families.". Hum Genet 93 (6): 70710. doi:10.1007/BF00201577. PMID 8005599. ^ Lerche H, Mitrovic N, Dubowitz V, Lehmann-Horn F (1996). "Paramyotonia congenita: the R1448P Na+ channel mutation in adult human skeletal muscle.". Ann Neurol 39 (5): 599608. doi:10.1002/ana.410390509. PMID 8619545. ^ Bendahhou S, Cummins T, Kwiecinski H, Waxman S, Ptcek L. "Characterization of a new sodium channel mutation at arginine 1448 associated with moderate Paramyotonia congenita in humans.". J Physiol 518 ( Pt 2): 33744. 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"A C-terminal skeletal muscle sodium channel mutation associated with myotonia disrupts fast inactivation.". J Physiol 565 (Pt 2): 37180. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.082909. PMID 15774523. ^ Vicart S, Sternberg D, Fontaine B, Meola G (2005). "Human skeletal muscle sodium channelopathies.". Neurol Sci 26 (4): 194202. doi:10.1007/s10072-005-0461-x. PMID 16193245. ^ Becker PE, Paramyotonia congenita (Eulenberg) in Fortschritte der allgemeinen und klinischen Humangenetik. Thieme, Stuttgart (1970). v d e Diseases of myoneural junction and muscle / neuromuscular disease (G70-G73, 358-359) Neuromuscular- junction disease autoimmune (Myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome) Myopathy/ congenital myopathy Muscular dystrophy (DAPC) AD Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1 Oculopharyngeal Facioscapulohumeral Myotonic Distal (most) AR Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2 Congenital (Fukuyama, Ullrich) XR dystrophin (Becker's, Duchenne) Emerin Emery-Dreifuss Other structural collagen disease (Bethlem myopathy) PTP disease (X-linked MTM) adaptor protein disease (BIN1-linked centronuclear myopathy) cytoskeleton disease (Nemaline myopathy, Zaspopathy) Channelopathy Myotonia Myotonia congenita Thomsen disease Neuromyotonia/Isaacs syndrome Paramyotonia congenita Periodic paralysis Hypokalemic Hyperkalemic Other Central core disease Mitochondrial myopathy MELAS MERRF KSS PEO Other Inflammatory myopathy muscle, DF+DRCT navs: anat/hist/physio, acquired myopathy/congenital myopathy/neoplasia, symptoms+signs/eponymous, proc v d e Genetic disorder: Channelopathy Calcium channel Voltage-gated: Hypokalemic periodic paralysis Timothy syndrome Brugada syndrome 3&4 Familial hemiplegic migraine 1 Episodic ataxia 2 Ligand gated: Malignant hyperthermia Central core disease Sodium channel Voltage-gated: Erythromelalgia Hypokalemic periodic paralysis Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis Bartter syndrome 3&4 Brugada syndrome 1&6 Familial hemiplegic migraine 3 Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus Paramyotonia congenita Constitutively active: Liddle's syndrome Potassium channel Voltage-gated: Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Romano-Ward syndrome Brugada syndrome 5 Episodic ataxia 1 Short QT syndrome Neuromyotonia/Isaacs syndrome Inward-rectifier: Andersen-Tawil syndrome Bartter syndrome 2 Chloride channel Cystic fibrosis Thomsen disease Myotonia congenita TRP channel Mucolipidosis type IV FSGS2 see also ion channels Categories: Channelopathy Genetic disorders Neurological disorders We are high quality suppliers, our products such as Pvc Butterfly Valve Manufacturer , China Pneumatic Butterfly Valve for oversee buyer. 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