History
Propane was first identified as a volatile component in gasoline by Dr. Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1910. The volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons caused them to be known as "wild" because of the high vapor pressures of unrefined gasoline. On March 31 the New York Times reported on Dr. Snelling's work with liquefied gas and that "...a steel bottle will carry enough [gas] to light an ordinary home for three weeks."
It was during this time that Dr. Snelling, in cooperation with Frank P. Peterson, Chester Kerr and Arthur Kerr, created ways to liquefy the LP Gases during the refining of natural gasoline. Together they established American Gasol Co., the first commercial marketer of propane. Dr. Snelling had produced relatively pure propane by 1911, and on March 25, 1913 his method of processing and producing LP Gases was issued patent #1,056,845. A separate method of producing LP Gas through compression was created by Frank Peterson and patented in 1912.
The 1920s saw increased production of LP Gas, with the first year of recorded production totaling 223,000 gallons in 1922. In 1927, annual marketed LP Gas production reached one million gallons, and by 1935, the annual sales of LP Gas had reached 56 million gallons. Major industry developments in the 1930s included the introduction of railroad tank car transport, gas odorization and the construction of local bottle-filling plants. The year 1945 marked the first year that annual LP Gas sales reached a billion gallons. By 1947, 62% of all U.S. homes had been equipped with either natural gas or propane for cooking.
In 1950, 1,000 propane-fueled buses were ordered by the Chicago Transit Authority, and by 1958, sales in the U.S. had reached 7 billion gallons annually. In 2004 it was reported to be a growing $8-billion to $10-billion industry with over 15 billion gallons of propane being used annually in the U.S.
The "prop-" root found in "propane" and names of other compounds with three-carbon chains was derived from "propionic acid".
Properties and reactions
Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a similar fashion to other alkanes. In the presence of excess oxygen, propane burns to form water and carbon dioxide.
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat
Propane + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water
When not enough oxygen is present for complete combustion, incomplete combustion occurs when propane burns and forms water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon.
C3H8 + 3.5 O2 CO2 + CO + C + 4 H2O + heat
Propane + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water
Unlike natural gas, propane is heavier than air (1.5 times as dense). In its raw state, propane sinks and pools at the floor. Liquid propane will flash to a vapor at atmospheric pressure and appears white due to moisture condensing from the air.
When properly combusted, propane produces about 50 MJ/kg. The gross heat of combustion of one normal cubic meter of propane is around 91 megajoules
Propane is nontoxic; however, when abused as an inhalant it poses a mild asphyxiation risk through oxygen deprivation. Commercial products contain hydrocarbons beyond propane, which may increase risk. Commonly stored under pressure at room temperature, propane and its mixtures expand and cool when released and may cause mild frostbite.
Propane combustion is much cleaner than gasoline combustion, though not as clean as natural gas combustion. The presence of C bonds, plus the multiple bonds of propylene and butylene, create organic exhausts besides carbon dioxide and water vapor during typical combustion. These bonds also cause propane to burn with a visible flame.
Greenhouse gas emissions factors for propane are 62.7 kg CO2/ mBTU or 1.55 kg of CO2 per litre or 73.7 kg / GJ.
Energy content
The energy density of propane is 46.44 megajoules per kilogram (91,690 BTU per gallon).
Uses
Fuels for heating
Heating oil
Wood pellet
Kerosene
Propane
Natural gas
Wood
Coal
A 20lb propane cylinder.
Propane is used as fuel in cooking on many barbecues, portable stoves and in motor vehicles. The ubiquitous 4.73-gallon (20 lb.) steel container is often dubbed a "barbecue tank" (used in making a Hank drum). Propane remains a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because its low boiling point of 42 C (43.6 F) makes it vaporize as soon as it is released from its pressurized container. Therefore, no carburetor or other vaporizing device is required; a simple metering nozzle suffices. Propane powers some locomotives, buses, forklifts, taxis and ice resurfacing machines and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers.
In rural areas of North America, propane is used in furnaces (including livestock facilities), cooking stoves, water heaters, laundry dryers, grain dryers, and other heat-producing appliances. When used for heating or grain drying it is usually stored in a large, permanently-placed cylinder which is recharged by a propane-delivery truck. As of 2000[update], 6.9 million American households use propane as their primary heating fuel.
Commercially-available "propane" fuel, or LPG, is not pure. Typically in the USA and Canada, it is primarily propane (at least 90%), with the rest mostly butane and propylene (5% maximum), plus odorants. This is the HD-5 standard, (Heavy Duty-5%maximum allowable propylene content) written for internal combustion engines. LPG, when extracted from natural gas, does not contain propylene. LPG, when refined from crude oil does contain propylene. Not all products labelled "propane" conform to this standard. In Mexico, for example, the butane content is much higher.
Domestic and industrial fuel
A local delivery truck, behind the pickup truck
Retail sale of propane in Monmouth, Oregon
In North America, local delivery trucks called "bobtails", with an average tank size of 3,000 gallons, fill up large tanks (sometimes called pigs) that are permanently installed on the property, or other service trucks exchange empty cylinders of propane with filled cylinders. Large tractor-trailer trucks called "cargo-liners", with an average tank size of 10,000 gallons, transport the propane from the pipeline or refinery to the local delivery plant. The bobtail and transport are not unique to the North American market, though the practice is not as common elsewhere, and the vehicles are generally referred to as tankers. In many countries, propane is delivered to consumers via small or medium-sized individual tanks.
Propane use is growing rapidly in non-industrialized areas of the world. Propane is replacing wood and other traditional fuel sources in such places, where it is now sometimes called "cooking gas". North American barbecue grills powered by propane cannot be used overseas.[citation needed] The "propane" sold overseas is actually a mixture of propane and butane. The warmer the country, the higher the butane content, commonly 50/50 and sometimes reaching 75% butane. Usage is calibrated to the different-sized nozzles found in non-U.S. grills.[citation needed] Americans who take their grills overseas such as military personnel can find U.S.-specification propane at AAFES military post exchanges.
North American industries using propane include glass makers, brick kilns, poultry farms and other industries that need portable heat.
Refrigeration
Propane is also instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration, usually by means of a gas absorption refrigerator.
Blends of pure, dry "isopropane" (R-290a) (commercial term used to describe isobutane/propane mixtures) and isobutane (R-600a) have negligible Ozone depletion potential and very low Global Warming Potential (having a value of 3.3 times the GWP of carbon dioxide) and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a, and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
In motor vehicles
Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air-conditioning systems, on the grounds that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion.
Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons. One particular test was conducted by a professor at the University of New South Wales that unintentionally tested the worst case scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant loss into the passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained burns to the face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front passenger window.
Vehicle fuel
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009)
Main article: Autogas
Propane is also being used increasingly for vehicle fuels. In the U.S., 190,000 on-road vehicles use propane, and 450,000 forklifts use it for power.[citation needed] It is the third most popular vehicle fuel in America, behind gasoline and diesel. In other parts of the world, propane used in vehicles is known as autogas. About 13 million vehicles worldwide use autogas.[citation needed]
The advantage of propane is its liquid state at a moderate pressure. This allows fast refill times, affordable fuel tank construction, and ranges comparable to (though still less than) gasoline. Meanwhile it is noticeably cleaner (both in handling, and in combustion), results in less engine wear (due to carbon deposits) without diluting engine oil (often extending oil-change intervals), and until recently was a relative bargain in North America. Octane rating is a noticeably higher 110. In the United States the propane fueling infrastructure is the most developed of all alternative vehicle fuels. Many converted vehicles have provisions for topping off from "barbecue bottles". Purpose-built vehicles are often in commercially-owned fleets, and have private fueling facilities. A further saving for propane fuel vehicle operators, especially in fleets, is that pilferage is much more difficult than with gasoline or diesel fuels.
Propane is generally stored and transported in steel cylinders as a liquid with a vapor space above the liquid. The vapor pressure in the cylinder is a function of temperature. When gaseous propane is drawn at a high rate, the latent heat of vaporisation required to create the gas will cause the bottle to cool. (This is why water often condenses on the sides of the bottle and then freezes). For this reason, the liquid is often withdrawn using a dip tube.
Other
Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
Propane is used in some flamethrowers, as the fuel, or as the pressurizing gas. Most movies featuring flame-throwers utilize propane.
Some propane becomes a feedstock for propyl alcohol, a common solvent.
Propane is the primary fuel for hot air balloons.
It is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.
Propane is mixed with silicone to form a propellant (sold as green gas) which is used to power gas guns used in airsoft combat gaming. Straight propane can also be used, with the use of a Propane Adapter.
Liquid propane is commonly used in theme parks and in the movie industry as an inexpensive, high-energy fuel for explosions and other special effects.
Propane risks and alternate gas fuels
City of Austin propane tank
Propane is heavier than air. If a leak in a propane fuel system occurs, the gas will have a tendency to sink into any enclosed area and thus poses a risk of explosion and fire. The typical scenario is a leaking cylinder stored in a basement; the propane leak drifts across the floor to the pilot light on the furnace or water heater, and results in an explosion or fire.
Propane is bought and stored in a liquid form (LPG), and thus fuel energy can be stored in a relatively small space. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), largely methane, is another gas used as fuel, but it cannot be liquefied by compression at normal temperatures, as these are well above its critical temperature. It therefore requires very high pressure to be stored as a liquid, which poses the hazard that, in an accident, a CNG tank may burst with great force, or leak rapidly enough to become a self-propelled missile. Therefore, CNG is much less efficient to store, due to the large tank volume required. Thus propane is much more commonly used to fuel vehicles than is natural gas, and requires just 1,220 kilopascals (177 psi) of pressure to keep it liquid at 37.8 C (100 F).
Sources
Home-storage propane tanks being transported through Nevada.
Propane is produced as a by-product of two other processes: natural gas processing and petroleum refining.
The processing of natural gas involves removal of butane, propane and large amounts of ethane from the raw gas, in order to prevent condensation of these volatiles in natural gas pipelines. Additionally, oil refineries produce some propane as a by-product of production of cracking petroleum into gasoline or heating oil.
The supply of propane cannot easily be adjusted to meet increased demand, because of the by-product nature of propane production. About 90% of U.S. propane is domestically produced.
The United States imports about 10% of the propane consumed each year, with about 70% of that coming from Canada via pipeline and rail. The remaining 30% of imported propane comes to the United States from other sources via ocean transport.
After it is produced, North American propane is stored in huge salt caverns located in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada; Mont Belvieu, Texas and Conway, Kansas. These salt caverns were hollowed out in the 1940s, and they can store 80 million or more barrels of propane. When the propane is needed, most of it is shipped by pipelines to other areas of the Midwest, the North and the South, for use by customers. Propane is also shipped by barge and rail car to selected U.S. areas.[citation needed]
Retail cost
United States
As of November 2009[update], the retail cost of propane was approximately US$2.20 per gallon, or roughly $24 per 1 million BTUs. This is approximately equal to gasoline at $2.73 per gallon.
See also
2006 Falk Corporation explosion
2008 Toronto explosions
Alkanes
Blau gas
Gasoline
Hydrocarbons
LP Gas
National Propane Gas Association
Hank Hill
References
^ The New York Times April 1, 1912, Page 9. "GAS PLANT IN STEEL BOTTLE.; Dr. Snelling's Process Gives Month's Supply in Liquid Form.". http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E3DB1F31E233A25752C0A9629C946396D6CF. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
^ National Propane Gas Association. "The History of Propane". http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=634. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
^ npga.org
^ Propane Education and Research Council. "Fact Sheet - The History of Propane". http://www.propanecouncil.org/newsroom/fact_sheetsDetail.cfv?id=5. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
^ Online Etymology Dictionary entry for propane
^ Ulf Bossel: Well-to-Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle, Proceedings of Fuel Cell Forum 2003
^ http://members.propanecouncil.org/assets/propane-reduces-greenhouse-gas-emmissions-fact-sheet/asset-direct/propane-reduces-greenhouse-gas-emmissions-fact-sheet.pdf[dead link]
^ EarthFuture.com - Carbon Activism for Beginners
^ http://www.cns-snc.ca/events/CCEO/graphics/2a_jannasch_paper.pdf
^ Energy Density of Propane
^ U. S. Census Bureau, U.S. Departments of Energy and Transportation statistics (2000). "General U.S. Industry Statistics and Characteristics of Propane". http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=633. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
^ European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications
^ U.S. EPA hydrocarbon-refrigerants FAQ
^ Compendium of hydrocarbon-refrigerant policy statements, October 2006
^ MACS bulletin: hydrocarbon refrigerant usage in vehicles
^ Society of Automotive Engineers hydrocarbon refrigerant bulletin
^ Shade Tree Mechanic on hydrocarbon refrigerants
^ Saskatchewan Labour bulletin on hydrocarbon refrigerants in vehicles
^ VASA on refrigerant legality & advisability
^ Queensland (Australia) government warning on hydrocarbon refrigerants
^ New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 16 October 1997
^ New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 29 June 2000
^ VASA news report on hydrocarbon refrigerant demonstrations
^ "Propane Vapor Pressure". The Engineering ToolBox. 2005. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/propane-vapor-pressure-d_1020.html. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
^ Argonne National Laborator (1999). "Salt Cavern Information Center". http://web.ead.anl.gov/saltcaverns/uses/hcstorage/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
^ US Energy Information Administration (November 7, 2009). "Heating Oil and Propane Update". http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/hopu/hopu.asp.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Propane
Propane Education & Research Council (U.S.)
World LP Gas Association (WLPGA)
International Chemical Safety Card 0319
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
National Propane Gas Association (U.S.)
Propane Gas Association of Canada
European Chemicals Bureau
UKLPG: Propane and Butane in the UK
Computational Chemistry Wiki
Propane Properties Explained Descriptive Breakdown of Propane Characteristics
v d e
Alkanes
Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6) Propane (C3H8) Butane (C4H10) Pentane (C5H12) Hexane (C6H14) Heptane (C7H16) Octane (C8H18) Nonane (C9H20) Decane (C10H22) Undecane (C11H24) Dodecane (C12H26)
Higher alkanes List of alkanes
v d e
E numbers
Colors (E100199) Preservatives (E200299) Antioxidants & acidity regulators (E300399) Thickeners, stabilisers & emulsifiers (E400499) pH regulators & anti-caking agents (E500599) Flavour enhancers (E600699) Miscellaneous (E900999) Additional chemicals (E11001599)
Waxes (E900909) Synthetic glazes (E910919) Improving agents (E920929) Packaging gases (E930949) Sweeteners (E950969) Foaming agents (E990999)
Calcium peroxide (E930) Argon (E938) Helium (E939) Dichlorodifluoromethane (E940) Nitrogen (E941) Nitrous oxide (E942) Butane (E943a) Isobutane (E943b) Propane (E944) Oxygen (E948) Hydrogen (E949)
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