|
Early life Very little is known about the early life of Brunelleschi; the only sources are Antonio Manetti and Giorgio Vasari. According to these sources, Filippo's father was Brunellesco di Lippo, an Italian lawyer, and his mother was Giuliana Spini. Filippo was the middle of their three children. The young Filippo was given a literary and mathematical education intended to enable him to follow in the footsteps of his father, a civil servant. Being artistically inclined, however, Filippo enrolled in the Arte della Seta, the Silkmakers' Guild, which included goldsmiths, metalworkers, and bronze workers. He became a master goldsmith in 1398. It was thus not a coincidence that his first important commission, the Foundling Hospital, came from the same guild to which he belonged. In 1401, Brunelleschi entered a competition to design a new set of bronze doors for the baptistery in Florence. Along with another young goldsmith, Lorenzo Ghiberti, he produced a gilded bronze panel, depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac. His entry made reference to a classical statue, known as the 'thorn puller', whilst Ghiberti used a naked torso for his figure of Isaac. In 1403, Ghiberti was announced the victor, largely because of his superior technical skill: his panel showed a more sophisticated knowledge of bronze-casting; it was completed in one single piece. Brunelleschi's piece, by contrast, consisted of numerous pieces bolted to the back plate. Ghiberti went on to complete a second set of bronze doors for the baptistery, whose beauty Michelangelo extolled a hundred years later, saying "surely these must be the "Gates of Paradise." As an architect Brunelleschi's dome for the Duomo of Florence, Santa Maria del Fiore Section of the dome Nave of the Santo Spirito, 1441-1481 There is little biographical information about Brunelleschi's life to explain his transition from goldsmith to builder and, no less importantly, from his training in the gothic or medieval manner to the new classicism in architecture and urbanism that we now loosely call the Renaissance and of which Brunelleschi is considered the seminal figure. By 1400 there emerged an interest in humanitas which contrasted with the formalism of the medieval period, but initially this new interest in Roman antiquity was restricted to a few scholars, writers and philosophers; it did not at first influence the visual arts. Apparently it was in this period (1402-1404) that Brunelleschi and his friend Donatello visited Rome to study the ancient Roman ruins. Donatello, like Brunelleschi, had received his training in a goldsmith's workshop, and had then worked in Ghiberti's studio. Although in previous decades the writers and philosophers had discussed the glories of ancient Rome, it seems that until Brunelleschi and Donatello made their journey, no-one had studied the physical fabric of these ruins in any great detail. They gained inspiration too from ancient Roman authors, especially Vitruvius whose De Architectura provided an intellectual framework for the standing structures still visible. Commissions Brunelleschi's first architectural commission was the Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419-ca.1445), or Foundling Hospital. Its long loggia would have been a rare sight in the tight and curving streets of Florence, not to mention its impressive arches, each about 8 m high. The building was dignified yet sober. There were no displays of fine marble and decorative inlays. It was also the first building in Florence to make clear referencen its columns and capitalso classical antiquity. Soon other commissions came, the most important of which were the designs for the dome of the Cathedral of Florence (1419-1436) and the Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of S. Lorenzo (1421-1440). The complex history of Santa Maria del Fiore need not be recounted except to state that by 1418 all that was left to finish was the dome. The problem was that when the building was designed in the previous century, no one had any idea about how such a dome was to be built, given that it was to be even larger than the Pantheon's dome in Rome and that no dome of that size had been built since antiquity. Because buttresses were forbidden by the city fathers, and clearly was impossible to obtain rafters for scaffolding long and strong enough (and in sufficient quantity) for the task, it was unclear how a dome of that size could be built, or just avoid collapse. It must be considered also that the stresses of compression were not clearly understood at the time, and the mortars used in the periods would only set after several days, keeping the strain on the scaffolding for a very long time. In 1419, the Arte della Lana, the wool merchants' guild, held a competition to solve the problem. The two main competitors were Ghiberti and Brunelleschi, with Brunelleschi winning and receiving the commission. The competition consisted of the great architects attempting to stand an egg upright on a piece of marble. None could do it but Brunelleschi, who, according to Vasari: "...giving one end a blow on the flat piece of marble, made it stand upright. The architects protested that they could have done the same; but Filippo answered, laughing, that they could have made the dome, if they had seen his design." The dome, the lantern (built 1446-ca.1461) and the exedrae (built 1439-1445) would occupy most of Brunelleschi life. Brunelleschi's success can be attributed to no small degree to his technical and mathematical genius. Brunelleschi used more than 4 million bricks in the construction of the dome. He invented a new hoisting machine for raising the masonry needed for the dome, a task no doubt inspired by republication of the seminal work De Architectura by Vitruvius, which describes Roman machines used in the first century AD to build large structures such as the Pantheon and the Baths of Diocletian, structures still standing which he would have seen for himself. He also issued one of the first patents for the hoist in an attempt to prevent theft of his ideas. Brunelleschi was granted the first modern patent for his invention of a river transport vessel. Of the two churches that Brunelleschi designed, the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze, (1419-1480s) and Santo Spirito di Firenze, (1441-1481), both of which are considered landmarks in Renaissance architecture, the latter is seen as conforming most closely to his ideas. Other aspects of his life This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at his cathedral dome Brunelleschi's interests extended to mathematics and engineering and the study of ancient invented hydraulic machinery and elaborate clockwork, none of which survives. Brunelleschi also designed fortifications for Florence in its military struggles against Pisa and Siena. In 1424, Brunelleschi did work in Lastra a Signa, a village protecting the route to Pisa, and in 1431 he did work to the south, on the walls of the village of Staggia. The latter walls are still preserved, but whether these are specifically by Brunelleschi is uncertain. He also had a brief and disastrous cameo in the world of shipmaking, when, in 1427, he built a monstrous ship called Il Badalone to transport marble to Florence from Pisa up the Arno River. The ship sank on its first voyage, along with a sizable chunk of Brunelleschi's personal fortune. Besides accomplishments in architecture, Brunelleschi is also credited with inventing one-point linear perspective which revolutionized painting and allowed for naturalistic styles to develop as the Renaissance digressed from the stylized figures of medieval art. In addition, he was somewhat involved in urban planning: he strategically positioned several of his buildings in relation to the nearby squares and streets for "maximum visibility". For example, demolitions in front of San Lorenzo were approved in 1433 in order to create a piazza facing the church. At Santo Spirito, he suggested that the faade be turned either towards the Arno so travelers would see it, or to the north, to face a large, prospective piazza. Invention of linear perspective The first known paintings in geometric optical linear perspective were made by Brunelleschi about 1425. His biographer, Antonio Manetti, described this famous experiment in which Brunelleschi painted two panels; the first of the Florentine Baptistery as viewed frontally from the western portal of the unfinished cathedral, and second the Palazzo Vecchio as seen obliquely from its northwest corner. The first Baptistery panel was constructed with a hole drilled through the centric vanishing point. Curiously, Brunelleschi intended that it only be observed by the viewer holding the unpainted back of the picture against his/her eye with one hand, and a mirror in the other hand facing and reflecting the painted side. In other words, Brunelleschi wanted his new perspective "realism" to be tested not by comparing the painted image to the actual Baptistery but to its reflection in a mirror according to the Euclidian laws of geometric optics. This feat showed artists for the first time how they might paint their images, no longer merely as flat two-dimensional shapes, but looking more like three-dimensional volumes just as mirrors reflect them. Unfortunately, both panels have since been lost. Soon after, linear perspective as a novel artistic tool spread not only in Italy but throughout western Europe, and quickly became standard studio practice until the late nineteenth century. Theatrical machinery Tomb Another of Brunelleschi activities was the designing of the machinery in churches for theatrical, religious performances that re-enacted Biblical miracle stories. Contrivances were created by which characters and angels were made to fly through the air in the midst of spectacular explosions of lights and fireworks. These events took place during state and ecclesiastical visits. Though it is not known for certain how many of these Brunelleschi designed, but it seems that at least one, for the church of S. Felice, is confirmed in the records. Death Brunelleschi's body lies in the crypt of the Florence Cathedral. Principal works Chapel of the Pazzi family, one of his last works The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement: Dome of the Cathedral of Florence, (1419-1436) Ospedale degli Innocenti, (1419-ca.1445) Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze, (1419-1480s) Palazzo di Parte Guelfa, (1420s-1445) Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of S. Lorenzo, (1421-1440) Santa Maria degli Angeli: unfinished, (begun 1434) The lantern of the Florence Cathedral, (1436-ca.1450) The exedrae of the Florence Cathedral, (1439-1445) Santo Spirito di Firenze, (1441-1481) Pazzi Chapel, (1441-1460s) References ^ Paul Robert Walker, The Feud That Sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World, HarperCollins, 2003, page 5. ^ Antonio Manetti. The Life of Brunelleschi. English translation of the Italian text by Catherine Enggass. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1970). ^ For an English version of Vasari's description of the life and work of Brunelleschi, see:http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/vasari/vasari5.htm ^ Eugenio Battisti. Filippo Brunelleschi. (New York: Rizzoli, 1981) ^ Paul Robert Walker. The Feud that Sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World. (New York: William Morrow, 2002). ^ Klotz, Heinrich Klotz. Filippo Brunelleschi: the Early Works and the Medieval Tradition. (translated by Hugh Keith) (London: Academy Editions, 1990). ^ Ross King,Brunelleschi's Dome, The Story of the great Cathedral of Florence, Penguin, 2001 ^ From Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, published 1500. Quoted from 'Italian Renaissance', Martin Roberts for Longman, 1992 ^ Howard Saalman. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore. (London: A. Zwemmer, 1980). ^ Frank Prager. Brunelleschi: Studies of his Technology and Inventions. (Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press, 1970) ^ For proposed reconstructions of Brunelleschi's demonstration, see Samuel Y. Edgerton, The Mirror, the Window & the Telescope; How Renaissance Linear Perspective Changed Our Vision of the Universe, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2009, and Istvn Orosz, http://www.gallery-diabolus.com/gallery/artist.php?image=1612&id=utisz&page=214 ^ Eugenio Battisti. Filippo Brunelleschi.(New York: Rizzoli, 1981) Footnotes Argan, Giulio Carlo, he Architecture of Brunelleschi and the Origins of Perspective Theory in the Fifteenth Century in J. Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 9 (1946), 96-121 Fanelli, Giovanni, 2004, Brunelleschi Cupola: Past and Present of an Architectural Masterpiece, Florence: Mandragora Kemp, Martin, cience, Non-science and Nonsense: The Interpretation of Brunelleschi's Perspective in Art History 1 (2) (1978), 134-161 Prager, F.D., runelleschi's Inventions and the 'Renewal of Roman Masonry Work' in Osiris 9 (1950), 457-554 Millon, Henry A. and Lampugnani, Vittorio Magnago (editors), 1994, The Renaissance from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo: the Representation of Architecture, London: Thames and Hudson Trachtenberg, Marvin, What Brunelleschi Saw: Monument and Site at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence King, Ross, Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture See also Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Filippo Brunelleschi Free audio guide of Brunelleschi's Dome O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Filippo Brunelleschi", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Brunelleschi.html . Categories: 1377 births 1446 deaths Civil engineers Italian architects Italian Roman Catholics People from Florence People from Tuscany Renaissance architectsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references The e-commerce company in China offers quality products such as medical weighing scale , Digital Baby Scale, and more. For more , please visit Price computing scale today!
Related Articles -
medical weighing scale, Digital Baby Scale,
|
