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Whitewater slalom by zyzy wang
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Whitewater slalom |
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Each gate consists of two poles hanging from a wire strung across the river. There are 18-25 (although nowadays there are more often near 18 than 25) numbered gates in a course and they are colored as either green (downstream) or red (upstream), indicating the direction they must be negotiated. Upstream gates are often placed in eddies, where the water is flat or moving slightly upstream; the paddler eddies out from the main current and paddles upstream through the gate. Most slalom courses take 80 to 120 seconds to complete for the fastest paddlers. Depending on the level of competition, difficulty of course, degree of water turbulence and ability of the other paddlers, times can go up to 200 seconds. Each competitor has two runs on the course, and the final result is based either on the faster run (in smaller races or lower division races) or the sum of the two runs (in national and international competitions). In international competitions (World Cups, World Championships, Olympic Games) each competitor does two runs in the qualification round, the times are added to give the qualification result. Depending the number of participants of the event, 10 to 40 boats make it through to the semi-final; this consists of one run on a different course. The fastest 10 boats per event make it through to the final, where they navigate the semi-final course once more and times of semi-final and final run are added to give the final result.
If the competitor's boat, paddle or body touches either pole of the gate, a time penalty of two seconds is added. If the competitor misses a gate completely, displaces it by more than 45 degrees, goes through the gate upside-down, or goes through it in the wrong order, a 50 second penalty is given.
There are currently four soon to be five Olympic Medal events:
C-1 (canoe single) Men
C-2 (canoe double) Men
K-1 (kayak single) Men
K-1 (kayak single) Women
C-1 (canoe single) Women will be an event in the 2016 Olympics
ICF Slalom Rule Changes for 2009/2010
These changes were approved at the 2008 ICF Conference in Rome. Proposed ICF Slalom Rules
Any rule change should:
Increase the excitement of the sport for both Competitors and Spectators.
Simplify events for organizers, make the sport easier to understand for Spectators, and, where possible, make the event fairer for Competitors.
Increase the opportunity for Athletes to compete in high-level international competitions.
Be conducive to increasing participation in the sport of slalom at both national and international levels.
Advance the sport in the Olympic Games.
The four main ideas are as follows:
Introduction of an ICF World Ranking that not only considers World Cups, World Championships and Olympics, but also considers designated International Events. This World Ranking will also, in part, determine World Cup entries.
The Format of the World Cup, World Championships and Olympics will include an additional xtreme slalom race. This format is shorter (6-10 gates) and more difficult than the current format. The format of progression through these competitions (both classic and extreme) will also be changed.
The penalty and gates requirements will be changed. Most notably, the penalty for touching a gate will be reduced to 1 second, with a gradual phasing out of touch penalties altogether with the appropriate gate technology. In addition, the introduction of single pole gates will simplify organisation and judging at events without loss of the challenge inherent in slalom.
Introduction of C-1W in the 2010 World Championships.
Development of Slalom Boats
In the 1960s and early 1970s, boats were made of heavy fiberglass and nylon. The boats were high volume and weighed over 65 pounds (30 kilos). In the early 1970s Kevlar was used and the boats became lighter as well as the volume of the boats was being reduced almost every year as new designs were made. A minimum boat weight was introduced to equalize competition when super light materials began to effect race results. The I.C.F also reduced the width of the boats in the early 1970s. The gates were hung about 10 cm above the water. When racers began making lower volume boats to sneak underneath gates, the gates were raised in response to fears that new boats would be of such low volume as to create a hazard to the paddler. Their low volume sterns allow the boat to slice through the water in a quick turn, or 'pivot'.
Typically, new racing boats cost between $1,200 and $2,500 (or 650 onwards for the cheapest constructions in fiberglass). Usually boats are made with carbon fiber, Kevlar, and fiberglass cloth, using epoxy or polyester resin to hold the layers together. Foam sandwich construction in between layers of carbon,Kevlar, or Aramid is another technique in use to increase the stiffness of slalom boats.
Recently, the minimum length of these boats were reduced from 4 meters down to 3.5 meters, causing a flurry of new, faster boat designs which are able to navigate courses with more speed and precision. The shorter length also allows for easier navigation and less boat damage in the smaller man made river beds that are prevalent in current elite competitions.
Boat design progression is rather limited year to year. Designs tend to focus on providing optimal performance for upcoming critical race venues. Olympic years tend to generate boat designs with specific performance characteristics tuned for the upcoming Olympic course.
Slalom boats used in competition must meet the ICF specifications for the class. Directly from the 2005 ICF Slalom rules:
All types of K1 Minimum length 3.50 m minimum width 0.60 m
All types of C1 Minimum length 3.50 m minimum width 0.65 m
All types of C2 Minimum length 4.10 m minimum width 0.75 m
7.1.2 Minimum Weight of Boats
(The minimum weight of the boat is determined when the boat is dry)
All types of K1 9 kg.
All types of C1 10 kg.
All types of C2 15 kg.
7.1.3 All boats must have a minimum radius at each end of 2 cm horizontally and 1 cm vertically.
7.1.4 Rudders are prohibited on all boats
7.1.5 Boats must be designed to, and remain within, the required dimensions.
7.1.6 Kayaks are decked boats, which must be propelled by double bladed paddles and inside which the competitors sit. Canadian canoes are decked boats that must be propelled by single-bladed paddles and inside which the competitors kneel.
There are rules governing almost every aspect of slalom equipment used in major competition, including sponsor advertisement. Some of these rules vary from country to country, consult your national canoe and kayak governing body for direct rules.
It is common for boat manufacturers to build elite competition quality boats lighter than the required ICF weight, thus competitors affix weight to the inside of the boat at the center point. This practice allows the boat to be more responsive to directional adjustments.
Notable Slalom Boat Manufacturers:
Slalom courses are usually on Class II - IV whitewater. Some courses are technical, containing many rocks. Others are on stretches containing fewer rocks and larger waves and holes.
Slalom canoeing made its Olympic debut in 1972 in Augsburg, W. Germany. It was not seen again until 1992 in Seu d'Urgell as part of the Barcelona games. Since then, slalom paddling has been a regular at the Olympics.
List of Olympic locations:
1972: Augsburg, W. Germany
1992: La Seu d'Urgell, Spain
1996: Ocoee River, U.S.A.
2012: FUTURE: Broxbourne, England
The 1972 Olympics in Augsburg were held on an artificial whitewater course. The Eiskanal set the stage for the future of artificial course creation. With the exception of the altered river bed of the Ocoee River in 1996, every Olympic venue has involved extensive man made features and river bed creation/modification. Since the late 80s, artificial course creation has surged; now most countries that field Olympic slalom teams have more than one artificial course to train on. Artificial river creation has evolved and new courses have fewer issues than the some of the initial designs. Artificial rivers / creeks offer a controlled environment that offers a more consistent field of play for slalom racers and better viewing for spectators. However, natural river courses are still utilized in many national and international slalom races throughout the world.
For more details on the International rules, see the pdf of the international slalom rules as stated by the International Canoe Federation website
USA Canoe and Kayak
Latest ICF Slalom Results
Sprint Slalom Marathon Polo Whitewater Sailing Freestyle
Summer Olympics Men's medalists Women's medalists
Creeking Dragon boat Extreme Freeboating Outrigger canoeing Surf ski Surf kayaking Snowkayak Squirt boating
World Championships - Sprint (Men's Canadian medalists, Men's kayak medalists, Women's kayak medalists), Slalom
Small-craft Sailing Whitewater canoeing/kayaking Sea kayak Canoe camping Kayak fishing Kayak diving Kayak Walk Dongola racing Canoe orienteering Canoe livery or rental Crossing the Ditch
Canoe Kayak Concrete canoe Flyak Folding kayak International Canoe Malia (Hawaiian canoe) Recreational kayak Sprint canoe
Aleutian kayak Baidarka Cayuco Chundan Vallam Outrigger canoe Sturgeon-nosed canoe Taimen Umiak Waka War canoe
C-to-C Roll Eskimo Rescue Kayak roll Kluning Portage Watercraft paddling
Artificial whitewater Albano buoy system Outrigger Paddle Paddle float Paddle leash Royalex Sea sock Spraydeck Tuilik
Meteorology & sea states
Jimmy Blakeney Tyler Bradt Paul Caffyn Tad Dennis Chris Duff Douglas C. Gordon tpnka Hilgertov Freya Hoffmeister Eric Jackson Ramo Kolenovi Brad Ludden Andrew McAuley Mark Pollock Alex Prostko Oskar Speck Rush Sturges Todd Wells Nicholas Wiechern Clay Wright Alexander Yermilov
List of whitewater rivers List of artificial whitewater courses Playspot Boulter's Lock Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Broxbourne White Water Canoe Centre Canolfan Tryweryn Cardington Artificial Slalom Course Dickerson Whitewater Course Dorney Lake Dutch Water Dreams Eiskanal Hawaii-sur-Rhone Helliniko Olympic Complex Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre Hurley Lock Idroscalo Kanupark Markkleeberg River Thames Millrace Rapids Nene Whitewater Centre Northern Forest Canoe Trail Ocoee Whitewater Center Ohio River Trail Parc Olmpic del Segre Penrith Whitewater Stadium Raice, Czech Republic River Dart Rutherford Creek Saint Regis Canoe Area Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park South Bend, Indiana Stanley whitewater canoeing course Symonds Yat Rapids Tacen Whitewater Course Teesside White Water Course Texas Water Safari The Loop, River Dart Tour de Guden U.S. National Whitewater Center Upper Dart Water Sports Centre unovo Wolf River (Tennessee)
List of world records in canoeing 2006 South American Games 2006 Asian Games Adirondack Canoe Classic Au Sable River Canoe Marathon Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon Dusi Canoe Marathon Hawkesbury Canoe Classic Murray Marathon National Student Rodeo Thameside Series Waterside Series
Attbar Bliss-stick Jackson Kayak Rockpool Kayaks Royak Marine Tiderace Sea Kayaks
American Canoe Association British Canoe Union British Dragon Boat Racing Association Canadian Canoe Association Croatian Canoe Federation Scottish Canoe Association USA Canoe/Kayak Welsh Canoeing Association
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Association of International Paddle Sport Federations Canadian Canoe Museum International Dragon Boat Federation Sir Alexander Mackenzie Canada Sea-to-Sea Bicentennial Expeditions UK Rivers Access Campaign
Chasse-galerie Men, Rivers and Canoes Paddle-to-the-Sea The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes Waterwalker
Categories: Canoeing Kayaking Olympic sports I am an expert from Mp3 Player Manufacturers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as touchscreen universal remote , microsoft mce remote.
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