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This article contains quite useful information about civil services. Conducting research on values is a highly contested endeavor. Positivistic scholars, such as Herbert Simon within public administration, argue that constructs such as “motives” and “values” are not scientifically researchable at all (Rutgers 2004, 27). Others mention the problem of “reification” in researching values—regarding or treating an abstraction as if it had concrete or material existence—or point at the enormous disagreements on the exact meaning and usage of the construct “value” (Posner and Schmidt 1986; Van der Wal et al. 2006). Disagreement on meaning and usage, of course, can be applied to many concepts within the social sciences, such as “culture,” “democracy,” and “power.” The first two problems, however, specifically concern values and give birth to many questions about the content and nature of the concept and, moreover, on its “research ability.” Civil services exams had a craze among the young generation. Can values as such be measured in any manner? What is their ontological status? How does one then detect, observe, and measure values? And do different conceptions and definitions imply different research strategies? According to de Graaf (2003, 22) it is possible to detect and research values, although a major problem is that scholars across a variety of disciplines do not seem to agree upon the specific meaning of the construct and its relationship with behavior and action: “values are essentially contested concepts.” The “proper” use of these concepts—as well as the use of concrete value statements such as “impartiality”—is not agreed upon. What the use of the concept “impartiality” means always depends upon the context in which it is used: for instance political, economic, or individual. How one exactly perceives and interprets “impartiality” may be dependent on the context in which one determines the importance of this value. So, context influences content, but content also may influence context. There are some reasonable facts and thoughts about civil services exam, which we can ignore easily. The aims of the research project on which this chapter is based, are to empirically determine the differences and similarities between the most important values in public and private sector organizational decision-making values, as distinguished by managers within these organizations. Knowledge and concepts from Administrative Ethics and Business Ethics will be combined. So far, Administrative and Business Ethics have been separate worlds, despite the fact that there are considerable similarities with regard to the application of ethical theories, but also the content of issues and problems (see Menzel 2005; Siebens 2005). The central question in the study is: What are the most important values in public and private sector organizational decision-making; what are the most significant differences and similarities between government and business organizations; and how, when and to what extent is importance attributed to specific values in both domains? Starters can find All Information about civil services or I.A.S exam on UPSC the official website of it.
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