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Frog embryos may yield secrets of cancer cell migration by 123wert sdfsf
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Frog embryos may yield secrets of cancer cell migration |
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Business,Business News,Business Opportunities
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Doctoral candidate Genevieve Abbruzzese in Alfandari's lab isfollowing up on Cousin and Alfandari's earlier discovery ofunexpected and powerful cell-regulating functions of a proteaseknown as ADAM 13, which controls cell migration during development.It is also referred to as a metalloprotease because it requiresmetal to cut other proteins. As embryologist Alfandari explains, "We've shown that ADAM 13is required for cell migration, and of course every time you showhow something works you get new questions about what controls itand what are its targets. There is a fundamental gap in ourunderstanding of mechanism, how ADAM proteins control cellmigration in general and cranial neural crest migration inparticular. Our long-term goal is to understand how this migrationis controlled in a developing embryo." Experiments that would take years in mice can be done in a fewweeks in frog embryos. The researchers track individual cells tolearn how ADAM 13 controls proteins in the cranial neural crest(CNC), which forms the jaw and face.
CNC cell migration is commonto all vertebrate embryos, including humans. Defects in productionor migration lead to severe facial malformations such as cleftpalate. This work is supported by the National Institute for Dentaland Craniofacial Research at NIH. The researchers study thousands of embryos in each experiment,serially blocking the action of individual proteins to see, usingfluorescent markers, how CNC migration progresses when each ismissing. Cousin is one of very few embryologists in the world whocan graft small groups of cells into a host embryo, making suchwork possible.
Alfandari explains, "Really what we're doing istrying to diagnose a patient, that is, each cell missing a protein.We put it on a treadmill to see at what point it has hearttrouble." ADAM 13, a protease, regulates cell functions by cutting proteinsto change their actions. In their last NIH-sponsored work,Alfandari and colleagues were the first to show that ADAM 13 hastwo parts dominated by different proteases, one active on a cell'souter surface, the other inside the cytoplasm. Understanding that, they now want to learn more about how ADAM cutsa protein called Cadherin-11 (Cad-11) to control neural crestmigration and second, to identify the mechanism by which thecytosplasmic domain of ADAM controls CNC migration. Specifically, they're testing the idea that cytoplasmic ADAM 13controls gene expression by targeting a transcription factor tomodify its function. "The Cad-11 extracellular domain has beenshown to increase cancer cell invasion, thus our results will shedthe light on the mechanism by which this domain operates,"they point out.
Alfandari adds that already they've encountered a mystery: "Ifyou take ADAM 13 protein out of a cell while it's in the embryo,the cells can't migrate. The odd part is that if we remove it fromcells outside an embryo, they don't need the protein to move. Thisis mysterious because for most proteins, if you remove them, thecell will not be normal. This is a special quality we really wantto learn more about." "We have progressed immensely in the last five years, but westill have a huge amount to learn, and we don't know how far we'vecome or whether we are more than halfway there, because we don'tknow all of what that protein does," he adds."Fortunately, there's a high reward because anything we findcan be adapted to cancer. We may learn how cancer cells migrate toinvade new organs, and how to prevent it.". I am a professional writer from Gifts & Crafts, which contains a great deal of information about outdoor industrial lighting , light bulbs etc, welcome to visit!
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