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Posted: May 27th, 2012 Graphene-control cutting using an atomic force microscope-basednanorobot ( Nanowerk News ) Graphene, a stable two-dimensional structure, has attractedtremendous worldwide attention in recent years because of itsunique electronic, physical and mechanical properties as well asits wide range of applications. It has been proven experimentallythat the electrical properties of graphene are strongly related toits size, geometry, and edge structure. Therefore, controllinggraphene to desired edge structures and shapes is required for itspractical application. To date, researchers have explored many graphene patterningmethods, such as a catalytic cutting [1-4], SPM(Scanning ProbeMicroscopy)-based electric field tailoring [5-7], energy beamcutting [8-10] and photocatalytic patterning techniques [11]. Thecurrent methods can tailor graphene, however, lack of real-timesensor feedback during patterning and cutting results in anopen-loop manufacturing process. This greatly limits the cuttingprecision of graphene and reduces the efficiency of devicemanufacture. Therefore, a closed-loop fabrication method usinginteraction forces as real-time feedback is needed to tailorgraphene into desired edge structures and shapes in a controllablemanner. Professor LIU Lianqing from the State Key Laboratory of Robotics,Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences andProfessor XI Ning from the Department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, Michigan State University undertook the backgroundresearch to overcome this challenge. Their work, entitled "Graphene Control Cutting Using an AtomicForce Microscope Based NanoRobot" (in Chinese), was published in SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica. Graphene Cutting Results Based on a Nanorobot. ( ScienceChina Press) They investigated controlled cutting methods of graphene based onnanoscale force feedback by the introduction of robot perception,drivers and behavior coupled with an atomic force microscope. Theyfound that the cutting forces were related to the cutting directionof the graphene lattice because of the asymmetry of the crystalstructure of graphene. This discovery is expected to allownanoscale forces to be used as real-time feedback to establish aclosed-loop mechanism to cut graphene with precise control. Atomic force microscopy is only a nanoscale observation tool, andits main shortcomings are poor location ability, lack of real-timefeedback, and low efficiency. These challenges are solved by theintroduction of robotics that is efficient at nanomanipulation. Inthis article, the relationship between lattice cutting directionsand nanocutting forces were studied systematically by rotating thesample under the same cutting conditions (load, cutting velocity,tip, and effective cutting surface of the tip). The experimentalresults show that the cutting force is related to the latticecutting direction: the cutting forces vary with cutting directionin the same period with a difference of up to around 209.36 nN. This article is the first to show that cutting forces vary withlattice cutting directions, which lays an experimental foundationto build a closed-loop fabrication strategy using real-time forceas a sensor feedback to control the cutting direction with latticeprecision. Combined with existing parallel multi-tip technology,the technique developed in this work will make it possible tofabricate large-scale graphene-based nanodevices at low cost withhigh efficiency. This research was supported by the National HighTechnology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2009AA03Z316), the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Nos. 60904095, 51050110445, and 61175103), and theCAS/SAFEA (Chinese Academy of Sciences/State Administration ofForeign Experts Affairs) International Partnership Program forCreative Research Teams. References [1] Datta, S S.et al. Crystallographic Etching of Few-LayerGraphene. Nano Lett, 8, 1912-1915 (2008). [2] Ci, L. et al. Controlled nanocutting of graphene. NanoResearch, 1, 116-122 (2008). [3] Campos, L. C. et al. Anisotropic Etching and NanoribbonFormation in Single-Layer Graphene. Nano Lett, 9, 2600-2604 (2009). [4] Gao, L. et al. Crystallographic Tailoring of Graphene byNonmetal SiOx Nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 131, 13934-13936(2009). [5] Giesbers, A. J. M. et al. Nanolithography and manipulation ofgraphene using an atomic force microscope. Sol. St. Comm, 147,366-369 (2008). [6] Tapaszto, L., Dobrik, G., Lambin, P. & Biro, L. P. Tailoringthe atomic structure of graphene nanoribbons by scanning tunnellingmicroscope lithography. Nat Nano, 3, 397-401 (2008). [7] Weng, L., Zhang, L.Y., Chen, Y. P. & Rokhinson L.P. et al.Atomic force microscope local oxidation nanolithography ofgraphene. Appl. Phys. Lett, 93, 093107 (2008) [8] Fischbein, M. D. & Drndic, M. Electron beam nanosculpting ofsuspended graphene sheets. Appl. Phys. Lett, 93, 113107 (2008). [9] Bell, D. C., Lemme, M. C., Stern, L. A. & Marcus, C. M.Precision cutting and patterning of graphene with helium ions.Nanotechnology, 20, 455301(2009). [10] Lemme, M. C., Bell, D. C., Williams, J. R. Etching of GrapheneDevices with a Helium Ion Beam. ACS Nano, 3, 2674-2676(2009). [11] Zhang, L.M., et al. Photocatalytic Patterning and Modificationof Graphene. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 133, 2706-2713(2011). 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