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Application in still photography In photography, image stabilization can often permit the use of shutter speeds 24 stops slower (exposures 416 times longer), although even slower effective speeds have been reported. The rule of thumb to determine the slowest shutter speed possible for hand-holding without noticeable blur due to camera shake is to take the reciprocal of the 35mm equivalent focal length of the lens. For example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a 35mm camera, vibration or camera shake would affect sharpness if the shutter speed was slower than 1/125 second. As a result of the 34 stops slower shutter speeds allowed by IS, an image taken at 1/125 second speed with an ordinary lens could be taken at 1/15 or 1/8 second with an IS-equipped lens and produce almost the same quality. The sharpness obtainable at a given speed can increase dramatically. When calculating the effective focal length, it is important to take into account the image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use an image sensor that is 2/3, 5/8, or 1/2 the size of a 35mm film frame. This means that the 35 mm frame is 1.5, 1.6, or 2 times the size of the digital sensor. The latter values are referred to as the crop factor, field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On a 2x crop factor camera, for instance, a 50mm lens produces the same field of view as a 100mm lens used on a 35mm film camera, and can typically be handheld at 1/100 of a second. However, image stabilization does not prevent motion blur caused by the movement of the subject or by extreme movements of the camera. Image stabilization is only designed for and capable of reducing blur that results from normal, minute shaking of a lens due to hand-held shooting. Some lenses and camera bodies include a secondary panning mode or a more aggressive 'active mode', both described in greater detail below under optical image stabilization. There are two types of implementation - lens-based, or body-based stabilization. These refer to where the stabilizing system is located. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. Techniques of image stabilization Optical Image Stabilization An image comparing two close-up photographs of a keypad. The top image does not have Optical Image Stabilization enabled, the bottom image does. An Optical Image Stabilizer, often abbreviated as OIS or OS, is a mechanism used in a still camera or video camera that stabilizes the recorded image by varying the optical path to the sensor. This technology is implemented in the lens itself, or by moving the sensor as the final element in the optical path. The key element of all optical stablization systems is that they stabilize the image projected on the sensor before the sensor converts the image into digital information. Different companies have different names for the OIS technology; for example: Image Stabilization (IS - Canon, the first to produce an OIS lens), Vibration Reduction (VR - Nikon), Optical SteadyShot (Sony Cyber-Shot), MegaOIS (Panasonic and Leica), Super Steady Shot (SSS - Sony), Optical Stabilization (OS - Sigma), Vibration Compensation (VC - Tamron) and Shake Reduction (SR - Pentax). Lens Based Optical Stabilization In Nikon and Canon's implementation, it works by using a floating lens element that is moved orthogonally to the optical axis of the lens using electromagnets. Vibration is detected using two piezoelectric angular velocity sensors (often called gyroscopic sensors), one to detect horizontal movement and the other to detect vertical movement. As a result, this kind of image stabilizer only corrects for pitch and yaw axis rotations, and cannot correct for rotation around the optical axis. Some lenses have a secondary mode that counteracts vertical camera shake only. This mode is useful when using a panning technique, and switching into this mode depends on the lens; sometimes it is done by using a switch on the lens, or it can be automatic. Some of Nikon's more recent VR-enabled lenses offer an 'Active Mode' that is intended to be used when shooting from a moving vehicle, such as a car or boat, and should correct for larger shakes than the 'Normal Mode'. However, Active Mode, when used under normal shooting conditions, can result in poorer results than the 'Normal Mode'. Most manufacturers suggest that the IS feature of a lens be turned off when the lens is mounted on a tripod as it can cause erratic results and is generally unnecessary. Many modern image stabilization lenses (notably Canon's more recent IS lenses) are able to auto-detect that they are tripod-mounted (as a result of extremely low vibration readings) and disable IS automatically to prevent this and any consequent image quality reduction. The system also draws power from the battery, so de-activating it when it is not needed will extend the time before a recharge is required. One of the main disadvantages about lens base image stabilization is the expensive price tag that comes with it, and not all lenses that Nikon and Canon manufactures are image stabilized. Also because the light passing through the lens is being shifted from its true optical path when it projects out the back lens onto the sensor, poor 'Bokeh' can result . This is the subjective but highly valued by pro photographers quality of the out of focus area around an image. In-body image stabilization does not have this problem because the light is not being altered only the sensor's position. Sensor-shift Optical Image Stabilization The sensor capturing the image can be moved in such a way as to counteract the motion of the camera, a technology often referred to as mechanical image stabilization. When the camera rotates, causing angular error, gyroscopes encode information to the actuator that moves the sensor. The sensor is moved to maintain the projection of the image onto the image plane, which is a function of the focal length of the lens being used; modern cameras can acquire focal length information from the lens. Konica Minolta used a technique called "anti-shake" now marketed as SteadyShot in the Sony line and "shake reduction - SR" in the K10D and K100D lines by Pentax, which relies on a very precise angular rate sensor to detect camera motion. Olympus introduced image stabilization with their E-510 D-SLR body, employing a system built around their Supersonic Wave Drive. Other manufacturers use DSPs to analyze the image on the fly and then move the sensor appropriately. Sensor shifting is also used in some cameras by Fujifilm, Pentax, Samsung, Casio Exilim and Ricoh Caplio. The advantage with moving the image sensor, instead of the lens, is that the image will be stabilized regardless of what lens is being used. This allows the stabilization to work with any lens the photographer chooses and reduces the weight and complexity of the lenses. The price value is often seen in the ability to buy lower cost quality lenses from makers like Tamron and Sigma and still have stabilized images. There are popular lens types that have no in lens stabilization option where sensor based stabilization can be very useful. This also allows one to use old manual lenses with this stabilization feature. One of the primary disadvantages of moving the image sensor itself is that the image projected to the viewfinder is not stabilized. However, this is not an issue on cameras that use an electronic viewfinder (EVF), since the image projected on that viewfinder is taken from the image sensor itself. Another disadvantage of moving the sensor instead of the lens is that only the main imaging sensor is moved, but the autofocus sensor is not moved. This means that camera shake can lower the performance of the autofocus system in bad light. This is an issue only with DSLRs which have a dedicated phase-detection autofocus sensor, not an issue with smaller cameras which use the main sensor for contrast-detection autofocus. Digital image stabilization Short video showing image stabilization done purely in software in post processing stage. Real digital image stabilization is used in some video cameras. This technique shifts the electronic image from frame to frame of video, enough to counteract the motion. It uses pixels outside the border of the visible frame to provide a buffer for the motion. This technique reduces distracting vibrations from videos or improves still image quality by allowing one to increase the exposure time without blurring the image. This technique does not affect the noise level of the image, except in the extreme borders when the image is extrapolated. Unfortunately, many still camera manufacturers market their cameras as having "digital image stabilization", when they really only have a mode with a sub-optimal image exposure time, resulting in pictures with less motion blur, but more noise. Stabilization filters Many non-linear editing systems use stabilization filters that can correct a non-stabilized image by tracking the movement of pixels in the image and correcting the image by moving the frame. The process is similar to digital image stabilization but since there is no "larger" image to work with the filter either crops the image down to hide the motion of the frame or attempts to recreate the lost image at the edge through extrapolation. Orthogonal Transfer CCD Used in astronomy, an orthogonal transfer CCD (OTCCD) actually shifts the image within the CCD itself while the image is being captured, based on analysis of the apparent motion of bright stars. This is a rare example of digital stabilization for still pictures. An example of this is in the upcoming gigapixel telescope Pan-STARRS being constructed in Hawaii. Stabilizing the camera body A technique that requires no additional capabilities of any camera bodyens combination consists of stabilizing the entire camera body externally rather than using an internal method. This is achieved by attaching a gyroscope to the camera body, usually utilizing the camera's built-in tripod mount. This allows the external gyro to stabilize the camera, and is typically employed in photography from a moving vehicle, when a lens or camera offering another type of image stabilization is not available. Another technique for stabilizing a video or motion picture camera body is the Steadicam system which isolates the camera from the operator's body using a harness and a camera boom with a counterweight. References ^ Ken Rockwell, "Why IS and VR Matter" ^ "Image Stabilization - Lens vs. Body". Bobatkins.com. http://www.bobatkins.com/photography/digital/image_stabilization.html. Retrieved 2009-12-11. ^ What is Optical Image Stabilizer?, Technology FAQ, Canon Broadcast Equipment ^ Glossary : Optical : Image Stabilization, Vincent Bockaert, Digital Photography Review ^ Panasonic Mega OIS Explained ^ Vibration Reduction (VR) Technology ^ CameraHobby: Nikon AF-S VR 70-200mm f2.8 Review ^ "Technical report". Canon.com. http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/tech/report/200109/200109.html. Retrieved 2009-12-11. ^ http://www.bokehtests.com/Site/Stabilization_and_Bokeh.html ^ Development of a Test Method for Image Stabilization Systems ^ Dynax 7D Anti-Shake Technology, Konica Minolta ^ Olympus Image Stabilization Technology ^ [dead link] ^ "Stop misleading 'Image Stabilization' labels: Digital Photography Review". Dpreview.com. 2007-01-05. http://www.dpreview.com/news/0701/07010501notimagestabilization.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-11. ^ "The Event Videographer's Resource". EventDV.net. http://www.eventdv.net/Articles/News/Feature/Battle-of-the-Software-NLEs,-Part-3-Slow-Motion-and-Image-Stabilization-37776.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-11. ^ "Capabilities Stabilization". 2d3. http://www.2d3.com/capability/?v=3. Retrieved 2009-12-11. ^ Pan-STARRS Orthogonal Transfer CCD Camera Design, Gareth Wynn-Williams, Institute for Astronomy ^ Multimedia: Use Image Stabilization, Andy King, Web Site Optimization, 2004 ^ Harris, Tom. "How Steadicams Work". HowStuffWorks.com. Discovery Communications LLC. http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/steadicam.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-26. See also Adaptive optics Heligimbal External links The image stabilizer plugin for ImageJ Categories: Photography equipmentHidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2009 We are high quality suppliers, our products such as optical cable connector Manufacturer , fiber optic cables connectors for oversee buyer. To know more, please visits lc fiber connector.
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